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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


&? 


Vx 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-§tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  ct/ou  pellicul^es 


D 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


X 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachetees  ou  piquees 


D 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  detachees 


D 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


X 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


D 

D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 


Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  1^  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  ccrtaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 


□ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Scule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips.,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  facon  S 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
gdndrositd  de: 

La  biblioth^que  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  an^  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  j  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impressinn  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  rr'crofiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —♦►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "F!N". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  gtre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Stre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  it  est  filmd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

L^i^ ' 


.rV'^--*-^ 


*^ 


» 


■'P 


\:  j .  i 


rx^ 


r    o    u    R, 


f   :\ 


TfiROUGIi 


Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 


By  a  Citizen  of  the  United  States. 


CONTAINING, 


:;J  ^yiewof  the  prefent  State  of  Religion,  Lea 
ing.  Commerce,  Agriculture,  Ccknizaticn, 
Cuftcms  and  Manners,    among  the 
French,    and  Indian 


arn^ 


SETTLEMENTS* 


W<?^W.^^  -"f-r 


P'lnUdat  Litchfield,  (accordwg  to  /M  ofCoKgreJs) 


A     'y.^'-T' 


\. 


¥' 


Introdutiion. 


*-^)J\^ 


fK'^t^HE  BifcGvery  cf  America^  has  cpenei 
§^  J'  §  ^  new  Held  for  Improvement^  in  the- 
)i^L'<^yl  commercial  and  lujy  JFcrlJ,  To  le~ 
ome  intimately  acquainted  with  the  States  and 
Fr  evinces  cf  North -America^  is  an  Employment 
ivorlby  the  Attention  cf  the  greatcfi  Statefman 
and  hitmblejl  Peafant,  JVhile  Travellers^on- 
flantly  prcjent  to  cur  Vicw^  their  accuratCy  en- 

^tertaining^  and  edify  big  Qbfervations  in  Europe^ 
Afia^  and  Africa^  we  are  net  fully  pojfejfed  of 
thcfcy  which  give  us  a  Viev:  of  cur  cwn  Coun- 

\tryy  and  the  contiguous  Provinces. 

I  The  P.e- capitulation  cf  7nany  cf  the  following 
%pifervatlom  upon  the  Provinces  of  Canada,  t% 
iJndividualsj  has  led  them  tofugge.fi  to  the  Au- 
thor the  Gratificaticn  it  woiddViford,  to  have- 
\thefe  prefented  in  a  Volume.  "    . 

/;;  Obedience  to  their  Wifioes,  T  have  under- 
\taken  to  prcfent  fuch  Remarks  and  L formation,, 
'during  my  Travels  through  thefe  Cctnitries,  as. 
may  perhaps  amufe.y  if  not  edify.. 


i 


Inlrodudion. 

IVhiie  Wars  convulje  foreign-  Ccuntries,  and 
fiuuluating  P clitics  agitate  the  public  Mir,d\ 
zvhile  'uje  are  extending  our  commercial  Ccnnec- 
ticnSy  forming  Alliances^  and  dra'-juing  Intelli- 
gence from  every  ^^iarter^  it  is  hoped  that  this 
finall  Work  may  contribute  a  Mite  to  increafe 
cur  Acquaintance  zvith  thoje^  who  are  now  con- 
TieSJed  with  us  by  Treaties^  as  well  as,  a  Simi-- 
hrity  cf  Laws  and  Cuftoms, 

Our  former  Intercourfe  has  been  chiefly  by 
JFar-y  but  Peacey  Commerce^  and  Emigrations 
are  extending  our  Connc5lionSy  and  awake  a 
Solicitude  for  more  particular  Accounts^  tha'A 
any  one  has  yet  det ailed,  ^ 


-V-. 


A  Tour  J  &c. 


■ 


1^  d  -IfV^/H  ^•^s\cXkXfe"^N'^\K^^'^'^^"^^ 


nvec- 
'itelli- 
\t  this 
creoje 
V  con- 
Simi- 


efly  by 
rattens 

)ake  a 
than 


C. 


A  Tour,  &c. 


UR    principal    commi)nication     from^  . 
^^^    Lower  Canadn  to  the  Scares,  is  by  the 
I  way  of  Lake  Champlain  and  St.  Johns,  by  a 
'V  V  ater  conveyance    from  Skcenlborough,  or 
the  roads  throii9;h  Vermont. - 


■■I 


AdmilTion  into  the  province  of  Lower  Qi- 
i.aJa,   was  fecured  by  the  vificants  u  porting 

.^  themfelves  at  the  Ille  of  Noix.  Th.eir  names 
are  alfo  taken  at  the  cufconi-lioufe  in  St.. 
Johns,  and  a  paffport  obtair.ed  into  that  pro- 
vince, in  order  to  a  proper  introduftion,  ei- 
tiicr  on  bufinefs  or  amiifement.  A  fort,  gar- 
lifon,  and  magazine,  are  at  St.  Johns,  The 
trade  is  inconfiderable.  Time  and  enterprife 
may  convert  it  into  a  place  of  didindion,  as 
ii"  is  at  the  extremity  of  the  northern  part  of 

Lake  ChampLiin,    where  the  v/aters  of  the 
river  Sorel,    formed   by   th^  lakC;  pafs  mm> 
|he  river  St,  Laurence. 


a.2. 


I 


6  A      TOUR,      THROUGH' 

The  rapids  not  far  from  St.  Johns  are  not 
fogreat,  as  to  impede  all  communication  with 
the  lake  and  rivers.  Rafts  conftantly  pafs  at 
the  fcafons,  when  the  waters  are  liigh  -,  but 
boats  are  fo  far  impeded,  that  merchandize 
is  conveyed  by  land  from  St.  Johns  to  Cham^. 
blee,  about  nine  miles. 

.  A  regular  ftage  paffes  from  Stc  Johns  to 
Montreal,  by  the  way  of  Lapararie.  In  the 
fpringof  the  year  the  roads  are  wet  and  heavy  ; 
but  the  excellent  Canadian  horfes,  and  dex- 
terous drivers,  conveyed  us  in  good  feafon 
to  the  above  village,  which  is  oppofite  to 
Montreal. 

The  decline  of  day,  and  the  expediency 
of  waiting  for  the  boars,  which  (tt  out  in  the 
morning  for  the  city,  tempted  us  to  amufe 
ourfelves  with  a  walk  through  the  fettlement, 
along  the  pleafant  banks  of  the  river. 

The  moft  diftinguifhed  obje6l  is  the  parifh 
church,  fituated  in  a  fmall  open  fquare,  near 
the  centre.  The  curate  refides  near  it :  His 
manfion  i«  the  public  property  of  the  church, 
and  is  fufficiently  large  and  commodious. — 
The  church  is  fpacious  and  venerable,  and 
conftruftcd  upon  a  fpecies  of  architefture 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.       7 


are  not 
)n  with 
pafs  at 
h  ;  but 
lanclize 
ChaniT- 


^hns  to 
In  the 

heavy ; 

d  dex- 
feafon 

)rite  to 


tdicncy 
in  the 
amufe 

ement, 


e  pari fn 
e,  near 
t:  His 
church, 
ious. — 
le,  and 
tecture 


which  is  not  modern,  but  fo  far  reduced  to 
rule,  as  for  a  long  rime  to  pleafc  the  eye,  and 
entertain  the  curious.  It  is  ftrong  and  lofuy.. 
preavy  arches  within,  fupport  the  roof^  and 
the  ferious  mind,  cannot  fail  of  being  irn- 
prefTed  with  devout  fenfations,  while  paffing 
through  it.  The  chancel  is  well  finiflied,  and 
decorated  with  carvings,  ar.d  the  furniture 
upon  the  altar:  A  number  of  hiftoric  fcripture 
paintings  adorn  tl*e  walls. 


Contiguous  to  the  chapel,  is  alfo  a  female 
academy,  or  country  nunnery  j  v/here  the 
village  girls  are  inflrufted  by  their  own  fex,. 
and  others  are  received  as  boarders.  Befides 
tliefe,  there  are  about  100  houfes  built  of 
ftone,  or  hewn  timber,  and  chiefly  made 
white  and  plaftered  with  lime. 

The  whole  country  is  flat;  and  except  the 
mountain  of  Montreal,  at  nine  miles  diflance, 
the  horizon  only  bounds  the  view.  Tlie 
illand,  city,  and  mountain  of  Montreal,  v/ith 
a  number  of  other  iflands,  variegate  the  ex- 
tenfive  fcene,  weft  and  north,  from  Lapararie. 

The  conveyance  from  hence  to  Montreal, 
is  in  flat- bottomed  boats,  which  are  managed 
by  the  inhabitants  v/ith*  great  dexterity.   They" 


^M 


b 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


lit 


,  I. 


pjifs  the  rapids  fafcly  ;  and  the  diflance  h  for- 
gotten, amidfl  the  hilarity  and  niufic  of  thefe 
v;atcrmcn,  and  the  villages  on  the  fiiore  we 
lud  leftj  and  that  to  which  we  approached. 

This  city  is  defended  on  the  river  fide  by 
an  high  wall,  and  entered  by  gates.  The 
whole  prefents  an  handfome  view  of  well 
built  houfes  and  churches.  The  ftreets  are 
regular  and  corrmnodious.  The  walls  which 
furround  this  place,  are  out  of  repair  :  Hiey 
inclofe  the  public  buildings  and  fquares,  and 
the  nioft  valuable  part  of  the  ftores  and  bu- 
finefs.  Extenfive  fuburbs  contain  the  labor- 
ing people  ;  and  v/hen  united  with  the  above 
defcribed  part  of  the  city^  make  it  large  and. 
refpedtable. 

At  the  head  of  the  deeper  and  more  navi- 
gable waters  of  the  river  St.  Laurence,  and  at 
the  confluence  of  the  immenfe  lakes,  and  large 
rivers,  north,  weft  and  fouth-weft^  conneft- 
ed  w^ith  a  flouri(hing  country,  Montreal  will 
ever  hold  a  confpicuous  ftation  among  the 
bufy  towns  of  North-America. 

The  merchants  who  traffic  v/ith  the  Indi- 
ans, in  the  north-wePcern  country,  refidt*  and 
have  their  faftory  here.     This  valuable  bufi- 


n 

h 
o 


a: 


?  i.^  for- 
:)f  thefe 
lore  we 
ichcd. 

fide  by 

The 

>f  v/ell 

ets  are 

which 

Thty 

s,  and 

id  bu- 

labor- 

above 

;e  and. 


navi- 
and  at 
i  large 
ineft- 
1  will 
g  the 


Indi. 
:  and 
bufi- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CAIVADA.      c^ 

ncfs  imploys  many  artlils :  It  m^y  he  faid  to 
be  the  main-fprin^^  to  the  mercantile  afiliirs 
of  thefe  regions.  Many  European  merchanjs 
havd  fettled  here,  and  compofe  part  of  the 
agreeable  focicty  we  meet  with-* 

The   rapid   and   extenfive  weftern   fettle- 
,ments,  fincc  the  la^l  war,  call  for  a  large  fup- 
"^ply  of  merchandize  ;    which   is  paid  for   in 
I  wheat,  lumber,  and   many  other  articles  of 
iproduce,  with  fome  furs  alfo. 

Great  attention  is  paid  to  religion  by  the 

•Catholics.     The  parifh  chuix:h,  in  the  centre 

cf  this  city,  is  a  magnificent  fabric,  and   is 

built  of  ftone,  in  the  form  of  a  crofs.     Its 

elegant  fteeple  is  covered  with  tin,  and  fur- 

nifhed  with  three  well-toned  bells.  A  carving 

of  the  crucifixion,  as  large  as  life,  is  placed- 

overthe  chancel,  at  the  eaftend  of  the  church. 

The  furniture  and  decorations  of  the  chancel* 

I  are  rich,  and  the  hiiloric  fcripturc  paintings 

I  numerous,  and  well  executed.     In  the  galle  • 

»ry,  at  the  weft  end,  is  a  good  orgair. 

I  ^  The  lacriftee,  or  veftry  room,  is  large  and 
I  richly  flipplied  with  every  thing  that  is  ufed' 
I  in  the  fblemnities  of  their  religion.  The  vefb- 
I  Hients  of  the  priefts  and  ornaments  of  the  altar,. 


M 


w 


I 


]' 


!i 

u 

* 


lO 


A      TOUR      TMP.OUGH 


arc  fuptrb.  This  edifice  afl^ords  an  extenfiv^c 
field,  for  the  curiofuy  and  inquiries^  of  a 
catholic  or  proteftant. 

A  large  painting,  which  13  intended  to  af- 
ford an  idea  of  rurffatorv,  is  huno;  at'the  rio;ht 
fide  of  thecnterance  into  this  biillJinnf :  It  ex- 
liibits  an  an^relic  bcino;,  or  the  divine  Saviour 
defcending  from  an  opening  cloud,  and  with 
a  moft  benign  countenance,  extending^  his 
delivering  arm  to  the  dilbcfled,  condemned, 
and  defponding  fpirits,  rcprefented  in  the 
IjVv^er  part  of  the  pifture.  This  group  are 
drawn  with  a  variety  of  countenances;  fome 
in  all  the  diftortion  of  agony  and  defpair. — 
Others,  with  the  cheering  lines  of  liope.— 
Others,  who  have  palled  the  leafon  of  con- 
finement, are  reaching  forth  their  hands,  to 
accept  a  refcue,  by  the  heavenly  meirenger. 

The  defgn  and  execution,  are  ingenious. 
The  leiibn  taught  from  this  reprefentation,  is 
obedience  to  virtue's  laws,  that  we  rnay  ef- 
cape  the  place  of  torture,  in  a  future  world. 
In  this  extenfive  fabric,  all  the  folemnities  of 
religion  are  celebrated,  v/ith  great  pomp  and 
decorum. 


Contiguous  to  it,  and  connected  by  a  Ion 


rv 


tenfiv^c 
,    of  a 


1  to  af- 
le  rii2:ht 

It  ex- 
5avloiir 
id  vvirK 
ing_  his 
emncd, 

in  the 
mp  are 
;  fome 
pair. — 
ope— 
)f  con- 

ds,  to 

cn2;cr. 

enious. 

ion,   is 

ay  ef- 

world. 

.ties  of 

■np  and 


along 


UPFEPv  AN  D  LOWER  CANADA.     1 1 

i  covered  walk,  is  tlie  leminary  or  conftant  re- 

I  fidcncc  of  the  clergy.     They  eat  at  one  com- 

I  nion  table,  and   have  their    Icparate    apart- 

I  rricnts  for  ftiidy  and  retirement,  with  a  com- 

!|mon  library. 


In  the  rear  is  a  garden,  arranged  in  regular 
order,  ftored  with  much  good  fruit,  and  af- 
ifording  a  pleafing  fpot  for  air  and  exercife. 

A  college  of  confiderable  fize    in   another 
fpart  of  the  city>  is  under  the  care  of  the  clergy. 
liln  it,  young  men  are  taught  the  learned  lan- 
guages,   and  many  branches  of  literature.—- 
^Ilere  is  a  library  and  good  accommodations 
for  the  ftudents. 

The  college,  of  the  order  of  the  Recollett 
Friars,  is  out  of  repair  ; — th^  fraternity  is  aU 
moft  aillblved,  by  the  death  of  its  mem- 
'  bers  i  as  none  could  be  added  to  it,  accord- 
ing to  ftipulatJons  at  the  conqueft.  Mafs  is 
conftantly  celebrated  in  their  chapel. 

^  The  college  of  the  diflblved  order  of  Jc- 
iuits,  is  converted  into  barracks  for  foldiers, 
and  a  prifon.  The  chapel  is  repaired  and 
''ecorated,  for  an  Eng^.fh  church. 


!! ; 


Ht 


'I 


12 


•A    TOUR    through 


Large  gardens  are  connedled  with  thefc 
inftitutions,  and  take  up  a  very  important  and 
iifeful  part  of  the  city  :  They  hovvcrver  lub- 
ferve  the  purpofes  of  health,  while  the  fubiirbs 
furnifli  room  for  the  abodes  of  the  induftrious 
and  poor,  and  gardens  for  the  citizens. 


V; 


Three  nunneries  are  within  the  city.  One, 
is  devoted  to  the  education  of  females.  Two, 
are  hofpitals  for  the  fick,  and  afylums  for  tlie 
poor.  Both  are  well  regulated  and  valuable  -^j 
inftitutions.  They  are  fupported  from  the 
early  benefa-flions  of  their  foufiders,  who  were 
females,  and  other  property  owned  by  their 
refpeftive  communities,  joined  co  their  earn- 
ings, from  various  fpecimens  of  ingenuity, 
and  induftry,  which  th'^y  conftantly  vend. 

The  nunnery  in  the  city,  which  Is  an  hof- 
pital,  loft  part  of  it  funds  in  the  late  feizure 
of  the  property  of  the  monaftries  in  France. 
Thefe  w^omen,  wifliing  to  preferve  their  fifter- 
hood,  and  to  perform,  the  accuftomed  a£ls  of' 
charity  to  the  fick  and  poor,  fupply  the  de- 
ficiency in  their  prefen:  inconjcs,  by  making 
up  the  articles  of  Indian  drefs,  fent  by  thf 
merchants  among  the  weftern  tribes.  Thii 
is  the  chief  afylum  for  the  diftrefled.  TIk 
■nuns  have  provided  an  apothecary's  room, 


n 
o 


ch  thefc 
tant  and 
vcr  fub- 
:  fubiirbi 
iuftriom 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA,     i  j 

which  is  well  florcd  with  all  neceflary  medi- 
cine,  and  the  king's  chief  phyfician,  direfts 
the  adminiftring  of  it,  and  conftantly  vifits 
the  patients  gratis. 


nefs, 


The  buildings  for  courts  and  public  bufi- 
are  not  difcinguiflied  for  convenience 
or  tafte,  while  the  edifices  dedicated  to  reli- 
gion and  piety,  do  honor  to  their  proprietors. 

IS  tor  the   C     -j-j^^  market  is  well  furnifhed  with  the  pro- 
valuable    *^^^^  of  the  feafon,  cheap,  good,  and  in  great 
vaiiety.  ,   -  "    , 


One, 

Two, 


from  the 
jvho  were 

by  their 
eir  earii- 
igenuity, 

vend. 

s  an  hof- 
e  feizure 
France, 
leirfifter- 
d  ails  oi 
the  de- 
making 
,t  by  thcl 
IS.     Thy 

Id.   rh 

's  rooni' 


The  champ-dc-mars,  or  field  of  military 
parade,  is  on  the  ramparts,  near  the  north 
gate.  It  is  a  pleafant  walk,  and  at  the  hours 
of  bringing  on,  and  relieving  the  guards,  af- 
fords a  lively  fcene. 

From  this  city,    wc  have  a  view  of  the 

Lountain,  which  is  at  a  fmall  diftance.  It  is 
[fcended  by  a  good  road,  which  rifes  gradu- 
lly,  and  prefents  a  variety  of  interefting  ob- 

?6ls,  fuch  as  gardens,  orchards,  and  country ; 

:ats. — From  the  fummit,    the  eye  beholds 

lany  lively  landfcapes. 


^* 


H 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


The  city  and  the  iflands  in  the  river,  or 
rather  lake   which   furrounds  the  illand  and 

mountain  of  Montreal,  and  Ifle  Jefu,  unite  in  i 

entertainino;  the  (isht  in  endlefs  variety.    This  f 

IS  the  magazine  for  fruit,    in  particular  fc)r  f 

apples  for  the  province.     Thele  are  railed  in  | 

abundance,    are   excellent    in   their  quality,  I 

preferved  with  eafe,  and  fold  at  a  moderate  '' 
price. 

Several  pariflies  and  parifl")  churches  are  on 
this  Ifland.  At  La'chine  is  the  landing  place 
from  the  upper  countries  ;  rapids  making  any 
further  progrefs  towards  the  city,  by  vvater, 
very  difficult:  Boats  are  built  at  this  place, 
and  loaded  for  the  Indian  and  weflern  traffic. 
A  canal  is  meditated,  but  not  begun,  in  or- 
der to  remove  the  difficulties,  which  prevent 
the  loading  at  Montreal : — A  convenient  val- 
ley prefenrs  for  this  purpofe.  The  expence 
would  be  amplv  compenfated  by  the  facility, 
with  which  bufinefs  would  then  be  executed. 

The  private  villas,    country  houfes,  gar-  ^| 
dens,    and    highly   cultivated    mountain   and ''| 
ifland,   intice   the  vifitor  to  fpend  fome  tiir.e 
among  the  delightfome  fcenes.     The  roads 
are  good  in  fummer  and  winter.     The  foil  .i 
is  rich,  and  air  exceedingly  falubrious. 


ill 


lii 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     1 5 


i^er,  or 
nd  and 
mite  in 
.  This 
jlar  for 
aifed  in 
qiicility, 
odcrace 


s  are  on 

ig  place 

:ing  any 

f  water, 

|S  place, 

traffic. 

in  or- 

jrevent 

ent  val- 

xpence 

iacility, 

lecuted. 

^s,  gar- 
ain  and 
ne  time 
e  roads 
he  iuil 
Is, 


A  part  of  the  army  is  fniticned  in  Montreal, 
in  barracks  ereded  for  ihe  foldiery,  under 
the  French  adminiftiation,  and  thole  formed 
lately  in  the  college  of  the  Jcfuits. 

An  happy  harmony  prevails  among  al!  or- 
ders of  the  inhabitants,  which  are  compoled 
of  Englifh,  French,  Scotch  and  Jrifli.  An 
urbanity,  hofpitality,  and  interefting  gentility 
of  manners  pervade  moft  claffes  of  people. 

Since  fettlements  have  been  made  in  the 
northern  parts  of  Vermont,  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood, on  ihe  Canada  fide  of  the  line,  an 
;extenfive  traffic  has  been  introducedin  to  this 
city  from  thence.  This  will  increafe  with 
the  population,  and  for  a  long  time  be  unri- 
valled. In  cafe  of  war,  Montreal  is  expofed 
to  irivafions  by  land,  fliould  the  States  take  < 
a  fliare  in  the  conteft.  ^ 

Religion,  appears  to  have  its  proper  influ- 
ence upon  the  inhabitants.  Churches  are 
thronged:  Peace  takes  place  among  pro- 
feflbrs  of  every  name.  The  clergy  are  well 
fupplied.  The  Englilli  priefls  have  their  re- 
wards from  England,  joined  to  an  annual 
filary  paid  by  tlieir  j)arlllioners.  The  catho-^  ,- 
lie  miniitqrs  have   certain   rcnts,^  which  ai:c 


mm 


■!»«■■■« 


m^M 


16 


0 

A      TOUR      THROUGH 


competent  to  their  neccint'es.  From  their 
wealth  and  good  oSces,  the  poor  and  dil'- 
treffed  fin.l  great  relief*  from  want  and  woe. 
'l"he  clergy  of  all  ranks  are  pious,  police 
men,- 


•of  good  learning  and  abilities. 


Sonie  fchools  are  erefted  under  European 
inflruftors.  Their  progrefs  has  not  yet  been 
fuch>  as  to  become  diftifiguifhed  feminaries, 
in  the  city  or  its  neighbourhood.  Females 
are  generally  taught  in  the  nunneries,  and  by 
an  ordinance  of  the  catholic  church,  boys  and 
girls  arc  not  educated  in  the  fame  fchool. 

Aftef  an  agreeable  abode  of  a  fortnight  at 
Montreal,  we  fet  out  for  Quebec^  by  the 
way  of  William  Henry,  a  town  which  receiv- 
ed its  name  from  a  prince  of  England,  who 
vifited  the  provinces  not  many  years  fmce. 
It  is  fituated  at  the  eaflerly  f>oint  of  land, 
where  the  rivers  Sorel  and  St.  Laurence  unite 
their  waters.  The  ground  is  advantageous 
for  formins;  a  town.  It  is  laid  out  for  the 
purpofe,  and  a  number  of  houfes  ate  erected, 
rare  of  the  army  are  quartered  at  William 
Henry  to  guard  the  pais  to  and  from  the 
country,  by  the  way  of  the  river.  A.s  fettle- 
rnents  increafe  in  Vermont,  and  f  n  the  (biith 
fide  of  Canada,  near  the  St itcs,  the  town  of 
William  Henry  will  increafe  alio.     The  eafy 


'V''    f 


JA 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.       17 


\  their 

d  dir- 

d  woe. 
police 


iropean 
et  been 
inariesj 
^'e  males 
and  by 
►oys  and 
lool. 

night  at 
by  the 
leceiv- 
d,  who 
5  fmce. 
f  land, 
ce  unite 
itageous 
for  the 
Tectecl. 
illiam 
rMH  the 
Is  iettle- 
ibuth 
;own  oi: 
he  eaf; 


water  conveyance  down  the  river,  impeded 
only  by  the  rapids  above  Chamblce,  and  the 
fmall  ftreams  and  mill  feats  upon  them,  will 
tend  to  encourage  every  kind  of  iaduftry. 

The  Engliih  church  h  the  fecon  i  that  has 
been  built  in  the  province, — A  fmall  one  had 
P.  been  previoufiy  erected  on  the  oppofite  fide 
f)f  the  St.  Laurence,  rather  as  a  monument  oc 
maufjleum  for  the  dead,  than  a  chapel  for  a. 
numerous  congregation.  ^  '     ■ 

A  miniiler  of  the  EngllHi  church,  a  mam 
of  fortune,   refides  and  officiates  at  William. 
Hfihlenry,  and  among  the  troops  at  St..  Johns,, 

The  Catholics  have  a  large  f^one  churchy 

which  is  not  far  from  the  manfion  of  their 

tninifter.     In  no  parts  of  this  province,    do 

.  the  Catholics  appear  negligent  in  providing 

fcr  the  inllitutions  and  fuppoit  of  religion,.   . 


1 

This  town  is  about  fortv  miles  below  Mont- 
l?eal.  As  Vv'e  came  hither  by  water,  we  were* 
feonftantly  amufed  with  a  pleafant  country:: 
jillages  are  in  view  on  both  fides  of  the  river; 
Many  of  them  are  decorated  with  fpircs  made 
Iriiiiant  by  a  covering  of  tin. 


] 


It' 


i!iii 


I 


■  It. 
1 


i8 


A    TOUR    TWROucr-i 


For  their  better  accommodation  with  wa- 
ter, the  inhabitants  build  their  houlcs  near 
the  banks  of  ^he  river,  and  the  farms -are 
confequently  narrow  in  front,  and  their  houi'es 
not  far  from  each  other.  Thefe  are  formcvi 
of  (tone  or  fquare  timber  ;-*—being  made  whiic 
with  lime,  the  contraft  between  them,  and  the 
verdure  of  the  trees  and  fields,  caufes  a  pic- 
ture like  fcene.  We  in  reality  pafled  one 
continued  village. 

A  decent,  refpeftful  affability  of  manner?, 
prevails  among  the  French  peafantry;  the 
roads  and  houfes  being  near  the  margin  of  tiie 
water,  we  frequently  converfed  with  the  inha- 
bitants on  the  fhore*  , 

Our  waterman  were  civil  and  attentive.— 
We  were  often  indulged  by  them,  with  a 
French  fong,  and  with  gratification  faw  their 
attention  to  their  religion,  as  they  pafled  the 
churches.  Thefe  they  vifiied  at  the  hours  oi 
devotion. 

Having  fpent  fome  days  at  William  Henry, 
we  proceeded  down  the  river ;  but  having 
reached  the  center  of  the  Lake  of  Sr.  Peter; 
a  fouth  wind  caufed  a  dangerous  fwell,  an( 
we  landed  at  the  river  De  Loup,  from  whence 


a' 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     19 


vith  vva- 
jics  ncir 
irnis  "are 
ir  houfcs 
I  formed 
ide  while 
,  and  the 
^s  a  pic- 
iffed  one 


manner?, 
try ;  the 
ra\  of  tliC 
the  inha- 


ntive.— 

with  a 

faw  their 

affed  the 

:  hours  oi 


n  HenrV; 

having 
Ir.  Peter 
veil,   anci 

whence 


we    took    carriages,    and  were  conveyed  to 
Three  Rivers. 

The  iflands  formed  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Sorel,  extend  from  William  Henry  to 

;  the  Lake.  They  are  flat,  variegated  by  trees, 
cultivated  fields,  and  fmall  farm  houfes.  Oui 
pafiage   in  difierent   direftions,  among  thefe 

Siiflands,  and  the  width  of  the  Lakes,  deprived 
us  of  our  former  views  of  the  country ,  but 
thefe  were    exchanged    for    objects    equally 

'amufing,  as  the  iflands  afford  a  great  variety. 

The  town  called  Three  Rivers,  is  built 
upon  a  rifing  ground :  The  front  towards  the 
river,  is  generally  a  high  fleep  bank  of  fand 
and  gravel.     It  is  the  only  place  of  confe- 

;  quence,  as  to  trade,  on  the  north  fide  of  the 
river  St.  Laurence,  between  Montreal  and 
Quebec.  While  the  province  was  under  the 
adminiftration  of  the  French,  fome  luperior 
civil  and  military  officers  rcfided,  at  Three 

'Rivers.  A  large  parifh  church,  a  nunnery 
which  is  an  hofpital,  and  place  for  female 
education,    are  poffeffed  by  the  Catholics. — 

I  The  college  crefted  by  the  Jefljits,  is  now  a 
prifon,  and  place  for  public  offices.  .  Its 
chapel  is  improved,  partly  for  civil  courts 
and  a  congregation  of  Proteftants  of  the  Eng- 


20 


TOUR      THROUGH 


1 


m 


lifli  church.  This  union  of  religion  and  law, 
under  one  roof,  is  uncomnriOn.  The  chancel 
is  circular,  and  converted  into  ver.y  commo- 
dious feats,  forjudges,  jurors,  and  other  at- 
tendants upon  judicial  proceedings.  On  the 
fouih  fide  of  the  fame  chapel  is  ereifted  a 
decent  pulpit,  reading  defl^  and  pews. 

This  town  enjoys  fome  trade  with  the  In- 
dians, who  often  vifit  it  with  their  furs,  belts, 
and  other  manufaftures.  The  foil  of  the 
neighbouring  country  is  barren  and  fandy.— 
About  nine  miles  in  its  rear  is  a  large  fettle- 
ment  formed  by  a  furnace,  which  is  the  chief 
faftory  for  caft  iron.  From  hence,  the  whole 
northern  country  is  furniHied  with  that  im- 
menfe  fupply  of  ftoves,  fo  unlverfally  ufed 
in  thofe  provinces.  European  arcifts,  diRin- 
guifhed  for  their  ingenuity,  are  employed  as 
fuperintendants  and  conductors  of  this  exten- 
five  bufmefs.  In  every  part,  ability,  and  en- 
terprize  are  difcovered,  and  a  better  regula- 
ted factory  need  not  be  fought  for  in  North- 
America. 

'  The  mechanifm  of  the  extenfive  works,*— 
the  mode  in  which  water  is  conveyed  to  the 
various  parts  where  it  is  wanted,  caufe  great 
difpatch  in  bufmefs. 


I 


t 
] 

in 


nl 
r; 


1 

ct 

St 

b) 

pi 

th 


and  law,  1 
"  chancel 
commo- 
Dther  at- 
On  the 
■rcfted  a 

1  the  In- 

rs,  belts, 

1  of  the 

fandy.— 

^e  fettle- 

the  chief 

he  whole 

that  im- 

ally  ufed 

,  difl-in- 

loyed  as 

s  extcn- 

and  en- 

regiila- 

Norch- 


►rks,— 
[i  to  the 
fe  great 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA,     ii 

The  town  ofThfee  Rivers,  obtained  its  name 
Tom  ics  neiglibourhood  to  the  river,  which 

as  two  iflands  at  its  mouth,  as  it  enters  the 
'ivtr  S:.  Laurence,  and  this  forms  the  ap- 
learance  of  three  ilreams. 

The  central  fitiiation  of  this  town,  be- 
'fv/een  the  cities  of  Montreal  and  Quebec,  has 
ild  Tiany  to  projuft  the  ereftion  of  a  college 
Ih  it,  for  the  inltruction,  of  young  men. 

^^  An  Englifh  clergyman,  and  two  Catholic 
Ijiiniflers,  re  fide  here  up   n  hantifome  ftipenJs 
:^iled  by  their  rtfpcftive  ccmmuiiities. 

Locations  are  made  in  the  lands  fcauh  of 
Three  Rivers,  on  the  oppofice  fhore,  and  a 
i^^mmunication     between    Canada     and    the 
States,  will  fliortly  be  opened  from  thence, 
by  the  way  of  the  river  Conneclicut. 

4 

The  road  from  the  river  De  Loup  to  thi^ 

ace  is  good,    and  like  the  country  already 

fcribed,    well  fettled  and  well  cultivated. 

^e  pafled  the  late  cantonments  of  thofe  called 

e  loyal  corps,  during  the  late  war,  and  the 

Jhards  on  the  point  of  the  Lake  of  St,  Peter, 

^here  the  waters  afTume  a  narrower  courfe, 

d  become  part  of  the  river  St.  Laurence. 

t    -  \    .         .     ■ 


m 


§ 


ft2 


TOUR 


TriROUGIT 


A  new  fcenc  opened  no  n  onr  arrival  at 
Qij^^bcc,  the  key  iiino  tiic  ,  rovincc  by  vvdtcr, 
^ii-i  the  tliciitre  of  many  miiicary  opcr  tions, 
\vhcre  the  mcmbtrs  of  two  European  natif^ns 
have  riilcvl,  and  the  inluilncants  of  the  Stales 
have  dillingiulhed  themftlvcs  by  ttieir  valor.!^ 


Unfavorable  winds,  and  the  impediments 
of  a  tide,  frequently  detained  us  on  our  way 
to  this  city,  as  the  waters  fl  )W  up  the  rivci 
ao  far  a^  T-  ree  Rivers. — Tlds  left  Uo  to  at- 
tend to  its  progrcfs,  and  to  regulate  our  voyag 
accordingly. 

From  Montreal  to  Quebec,  wc  have  agair 
found  an  almolt  continued  village.  Gooi' 
accommodations  by  night  and  day,  and  ealj 
conveyances  by  land  and  water,  all  at  a  mo- 
derate price^ 


Religion  appears  truly  venerable,  not  onh  %^ 
in  its  temples  and  other  edifices,  but  in  th;  ^<^ 
liofpitality,  politenefs,  and  genteel  deport-  ^f 
ment  of  mott  of  its  profefTors.  To  the  clergv 
and  other  gentlemen  of  rank  and  information, 
we  have  been  indebted  for  many  civilities.— 
At  Cape  Santa  and  Point-au-Tremble,  wc 
were  politely  entertained,  while  the  winds  an(| 
tide  delayed  our  voyage.     The  firft  of  thefc 


t 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.    23 


r rival  \': 

)V  vvdHLi, 
cr  tions, 
n  rivitiori^ 
lie  Still* 
♦ir  valor, 


ledlmenti 
our  way 
the  rivu 

uj   to  at- 

ur  voyay 


lave  a^air 

Gooi 

and  t.\\] 

at  a  11)0- 


not  onl\ 
|3iic  in  th: 
1  deport- 
;he  clerg; 
)rmation 
ilities.- 
ible,    n, 
'inds  and 
of  thefd 


%i)l.]ges,  is  made  confpicuous  at  a  confi  ler.ble 
iilhnce,  by  a  large  church  adorned  with  hve 
ce[;lcb — ail  covered  with  tin. 

Tliis  temple  (lands  on  a  rifing  ground,  and 
as  founded  by  three  ladies  of  great  eftatt — 
|i  is  called  the  Church  of  the  Three  SiiterSj  in 
fonimemoration  of  diis  their  piety.  It  ranks 
tfi  fize  with  the  Cathedral  ot"  Chiebec,  and  tliC 
parilh  church  of  Monircal. 

P'.'int  au-Tremble  is  eighteen  miles  from 
Que  bee.  The  late  fufFrav>an  ov  aliillant  bifh^.p, 
C.  ikd  the  coadjuc'-.r,  rrfidied  in  this  pari  111.— 
I-^.^  v/as  greatly  eftecmed  by  Lord  Dorchefier 
di\d  the  court  at  C^iebec.  Tr.roujj-h  the  in- 
fluence of  t!)is  nobleivian,  that  v/ortny  prelate 
Was  advanced  to  the  Kpifcopal  cljair.  He 
Attended  Tord  Dorcheirer  on  a  voyage  to 
Enn;iand,  and  was  formerly  a  Cath  die  mif- 
fi<  nary  among  the  Indians  at  Penobfcot,  in 
the  State  of  Mafiachufetts,  and  received  a 
flipend  from  the  general  court  there  fjr  thofe 
ftrxices.  A  fpecimrn  of  policy  or  liberality 
^f  tliat  tin^e,  which  is  to  be  applauded,  but 
not  eafily  accounted  for.  This  dignitary 
"  ned  to  a  zealous  attachment  to  his  reli- 
;)Usprofeffion,  the  chriftian,  genlcman,  the 
end  of  learning,  ami  patron  of  ufeful  arts. 


ilill 


m 


1 


:„ 

!>;» 


24 


A    TOUR    THROUGH 


and  men  of  merit.  He  died  in  Quebec,  and 
the  curate  of  Longiiile,  near  Montreal,  was 
elected  to  the  f^mc  dignity. 

The  bifnops  of  the  Catholic  church,  pro- 
ferve  the  fuccefTion  of  epifcopal  power  with 
great  care,  and  no  one  is  confccrared  v/ithom 
the  approbation  of  the  bifhop  of  Rome,  and 
the  governor  of  Canada. 

Thus  preferving  ihe  dlfl:in(5lton  of  ec- 
clefiaftical  powders,  the  rights  of  patronage, 
and  the  duties  of  allegiance,  and  removing 
jealoufies  and  difcontents  on  all  fides. 

One  bifnop  only  is  neceflary,  to  deliver  the 
facerdotal  power  to  another,  and  a  fuffragan 
18  always  elefted  upon  the  deceafe  of  either 
of  the  two,  that  the  diocefe  may  not  be  def* 
titute  of  a  fupcrior.  The  other  biOiop  re- 
fides  with  the  clergy  in  the  feminary  of  Qne- 
bec.  His  former  palace  is  converted  into, 
land  and  other  oftices,  and  irs  chapel  into 
court  or  parliament  houfe.  The  clergy  teac 
a  number  of  young  men  in  the  feminary,  anJ 
are  the  principal  inftrudlors  through  the  pro- 
vince. 

It  is  a  common  pl^ce  remark  that  the  clcrgyl 


il 

I  111 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA. 


,"S     f 


bcc,  and 
real,  was 


'ch,  pre-' 
wer  with 
i  v/ithoiit 


onie. 


and 


1    of  ec-l 

latronage, 
removingi 

diver  thcj 

fuffragan 

of  eitherl 

)t  be  delH 

lop  re- 
T  of  Qne- 
rteci  into 
pel  into  a 
rgy  teach 
nary,  anJ 

the  pro- 


he  ckrgh 


e^  the  church  of  Rome,  v/ifh  to  keep  the 
people  in  i:.;]V)rance.  This  charge  has  given 
juife  ce  in  Canada.  At  the  firit  fcttlement 
of  ti  js  province,  large  refervations  of  lands 
v/cre  made,  for  the  promotion  of  learning, 
land  commodious  and  excellent  colleges  were 
:re6ted.  Thefe  were  under  the  fuperintend- 
mce  of  the  fociety  of  Jefiiits.  InPuuftors 
vere  placed  and  every  needful  endowment  and 
irrangeme^nt  made  for  diiTeminating  knowl- 
:dge.  But,  upon  furrendering  of  the  pro- 
ince  to  the  BritiOi,  after  the  conqueft,'  thefe 
:olIeges  were  converted  into  barracks  and 
irifons,  both  in  Montreal  and  Quebec.  The 
funds  are  appropriated  to  other  ufes  a^ter  the 
leceafe  of  the  longed  liver  of  the  fraternity. 

All  atten.pts  to  ereft  fubftitutes  for  thefe, 

[lave  been  abortive.     The  nation  of  England 

las  not  made  am.ends  for  the  lofs,  and  the 

Catholics  have  been  defeated  and  chagrined, 

'>— The  Anglo-Americans  who  abode  by  the 

;^ritifli  ilandard,    and  wifhed  to  provide  for 

|he  education  of  their  children  in  Canada,  have 

endeavoured  to  form  academies  and  fchools 

.fter  the  example  of  the  States.     The.  Ca- 

Ihoiic  bifliop  has  been  confulted,  and  he  gave 

liis  opinion  witliout  referve,  that  the  colleges 


W    I 


;  ^l!l  i 


i 


f ' 


'I! 


.n,  jiiii 


26 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


and  property  of  the  Jefuits  ouglit  to  be  rcf- 
tored  to  their  original  iifes  in  promoting 
knowledge; — that  they  were  amply  adequate 
to  every  purpofe.  He  was  a&ed  to  give  a 
ftatement  of  the  prelent  revenues  of  t!ie 
clergy,  with  a  hope,  that  a  fund  might  be 
raifed  from  thence  for  the  purpofe.  His 
anfwer  was,  that  the  incomes  of  the  clerp-\' 
v/cre  barely  fufficient  for  their  necelTitiesy-. 
thatthefe  depended  upon  certain  parts  of  the 
produces  of  the  country,  which  were  fre- 
quently diminilhed  by  blaft,  drought,  and 
unfruittlil  feafons^, — that  the  clergy  were  con- 
ftantly  obliged  to  refign  their  dues  to  relieve 
the  poor,  and  thus  neglefted  exafting  juftice 
for  themfelves. 

After  deliberating  on  the  fubjeft,  the  go- 
vernor and  the  Englifli  party  relinquifiied 
the  drfio-n.  Collee-es  are  not  ere6led.  Youn^^ 
men  arc  fent  into  England  and  the  States  for 
education.  The  clergy  of  the  Romifli  church 
proceed  to  educate  all  who  are  placed  under 
their  care,  and  fome  Proteftant  fchools  are 
taught  in  the  towns  of  Montreal,  William 
Henry,  Three  Rivers,  and  Quebec. 


This  laft  city  is  compofcd  of  two  parts, 
called  the  Upper  and  Lower  town.     The  lat-| 


>  be  ref- 
omotin.T; 

o 

adtrqu,ue 
to  give  a 
i  of  the 
Tiight  be 
fe.  His 
e  clergy, 
^(Tities, — 
,rts  of  the 
vere  fre- 
ght,  and 
^ere  con- 
to  relieve 
ng  juilics 


the  go- 
|inquifiied 
Young 
tates  for 
li  church 
cd  under 
hools  are 
Willi  am  :| 


^o  parts, 
The  lar- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     27 

;:er  is  ere(5ced  under  a  precipice,  and  upon 
tlie  beach  on  the  banks  of  the  river.  It  ia 
connected  with  the  upper  town,  by  a  windinj^ 
ilreet,  and  a  foot  way  up  winding  ftairs.  In  it 
are  the  public  and  private  fbores  and  wharves. 
/rhe  depth  of  the  water,  the  height  to  whicli 
it  rifes,  and  the  commodious  beach  formed 
during  the  ebb  of  the  tide,  aflbrd  many  con- 
veniences to  facilitLite  buiiuefs.  One  ftreet 
of  houfes,  wich  the  above  (lores  and  v/harves, 
flcompole  the  principal  partof  the  lower  town. 

t  The  upper  town  is  built  upon  an  eminence 
which  commands  the  country  and  river.  The 
fortifications  are  (Irong,  the  city  is  entered  by 
iiates,  and  muil  reduced  only  by  great  military 
force,  regular  fiege,  and  perlevering  oppera- 
lions.  Every  apparatus  and  provifion  for  its 
flefence,  are  prepared  and  in  readinefs,  in 
;^reat  quantities.  Surprize,  firatagem,  and 
Jtarvation,  are  fcarcely  practicable,  cfpecially- 
i^hen  the  rigors  of  winter,  are  to  be  furmount- 
|d  by  allailannts  and  beliegers. " 

V/ithin  the  walls,  are  the  chatteau  or  so- 
Pernor's  houlc,  all  public  offices,  the  church- 
es, feminary,  Jefuits  and  RecoUetts  coUe:- 
jes,  and  two  nunneries.. 


tS'  It 


i:i 


iMi 


ill 


28 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


The  chatteau  is  a  laivi^e  ilone  bullJincr,  with 
n  C(UTimodious  fpot  as  a  court  yard,  or  place 
of  parade  in  front  towards  the  town.  Joine.l 
to  this,  is  a  kn2:e  dinino;  or  banquctdn-r  hali : 
On  tiie  iummit  of  an  inacceinblc  precipice  in 
front  from  this  houfe  and  its  gardens,  we  view 
the  country  eaft>  and  foiith  acrofs  the  river, 
and  the  whole  of  the  lower  town. 

Tlie  mofl  remarkable  bulldino:  in  Q'ccbec, 
IS  the  Cathedral  church,  v^^hich  is  large,  and 
attended  by  a  numerous  congregacion.  It  is 
well  adorned  at  the  eaft  end  near  the  akar, 
but  doth  not  make  the  fame  fplcndid  appt^r- 
ance,  with  the  parifli  church  of  Montreal. 

The  femlnary  and  former  college  of  the  Je- 
fuits  are  large.  Elegant  chapels  are  joined 
to  each  of  them.  The  Recolletts  college 
and  chapel  have  been  demoliflied  by  fire,  and 
are  in  ruins.  The  nunneries  are  alfb  large: 
One  is  a  place  of  female  education.,  the  other 
is  an  hofpital:.  A  third  is  without  the  city> 
and  an  hofpital.  Thefe  inRitutions,  the  pro- 
perty of  females, — the  receptacle  for  the  fick 
and  wounded,  are  conduced  with  great  order 
ajid  economy.  Hiim;m  woes  are  alleviated  by 
them  in  a  manner,  that  does  honor  to  human 
nature   and  religion.      They    contain    large 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     -5 


wit  It 

:>{'  place! 
Joinc.l 
Uif  hali : 
ipice  in 
wc  view 
.e  river, 


^ccbec,, 
•gc,  and 
1.  Il  is 
he  aUar> 


^(* 


ap{x:ar- 
icreal. 

fihe  Je- 
joined 
college 
ir€,  and 
:>  large : 
le  other 
he  citv> 
the  pro- 
the  Tick 
at  order 
iated  by 
)  human 
n    large 


*.! 


apartments  for  fick  men,  and  fick  women..  > 
They  arc  the  only  alms  houfes  in  the  pro- 
vince, and  are  fupported  from  the  property 
of  the  nuns.  Thefe  women  are  the  nurfes 
and  attendants.  Apothecaries*  rooms,  fup- 
plied  with  medicine  are  in  each,  fupcrin- 
tended  by  a  nun.  Tlr.s  is  her  principal  em- 
])]oyment.  The  hoipital  rooms  are  conneft- 
cd  with  the  chapels,  and  by  the  opening  of 
folding  doors  the  fick  may  atcend  the  devo- 
tions. They  are  fcreened  from  public  view- 
by  a  curtain  and  lattice  work.  Great  gra- 
city  and  decorum  are  obferved  through  the 
hole.  On  the  fide  oppofite  to  the  apart- 
ments of  the  fick,  is  the  chapel  of  the  nuns, 
opened  and.  fecured  in  the  fame  manner.  The 
main  chapel  is  acceffible  to  all  vifitoi^s,  as  are 
the  churches  through  the  province.  Such  fa- 
cred  refpect  for  religion,  and  fuch  integrity 
prevail,  that  the  churches  are  open  night  and 
day.  The  hand  of  facrilcge,  has  fcldom 
deprived  the  temples  of  the  fmillefl:  article. 
|Contiguous  to  each  of  the  colleges  and  nun- 
neries, are  gardens  which  occupy  a  confidera;" 
h\t  part  of  Quebec.  Many  private  gardens 
£re  alfo  v/ithin  the  city.  Perhaps  no  more 
ground  is  taken  up  in  thefe,  than  is  ncceflary 
to  preferve  the  health. 


'•?.^ 


C2 


ill 


llilllif 


.  i; 


;! 


Illi 


30 


A      TOUR,      Tf^ROUGH 


Fires  have  frequently  ravaged  the  uppei* 
and  lower  town^  and  the  fuburbs. 

The  moft  memorable  fpot  contiguous  to 
Qu:^bcc,    is  Abraham's  plain.      This  is  an 
cxcenfive  flat  ground  aboin:  a  mile  in  widths 
extending  in  a  line  with  the  fiver  towards  the 
fouth-weft.      Near  the  river  the  bank  nfc] 
fuddenly,  and  forms  a  precipice  not  eafily  to 
be  afcended.      On  the   north  fide,  this  hii! 
gradually   defcends  to  the  river  St.  Charles. 
The  neighbouring  region  then  rifes  in  a  gen- 
tle flope,  and  we  are  entertained  with  a  view| 
of  thtt   pleafant  country,    farm  houles,    andp 
villages,  until  the  profped  is  loll  in  the  dif-' 
-tant  hills  and  the  horizon.      On  this  plain! 
Wolf  fell.     The  fpot  is  fliewn,  but  it  is  not! 
inarked  by  any  monument  to  diftingmfh  icl 
•He  landed  at  a  place  now  called  Wolf's  cove,l 
made  by  the  river,  covered  by  the  circul  J 
form  of  the  neighboring  height  or  precipice.! 
He  afcended  by  an  hollow  way,  which  na-B 
turc  had  formed  by  a  fmall  rivulet  caufed  bjB 
rains  from  the  water  collefted  on  the  plain.B 

Nature  had  thus  prepared  a  landing  placcB 
and  a  pafs  from  the  beach,  which  was  cover-B 
ed  from  the  view  of  the  befieged,  and  gavS 
an  opportunity  to  furprize  the  enemy  withiJ 
the  walls*  I 


H 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.    3 1. 


the  upper 


tignous  tO! 

rhis  is  ani 

I  in  width,! 

awards  the^ 

bank  rilh^i 

)C  eafily  to 

',  this  hill 

t.  Charles.! 

s  in  a  gea- 

vith  a  viewl 

jules,    andl 

in  the  dif- 

this  plain 

tit  it  is  noi 

:ingHifh  it, 

olf 's  cove, 

le  circulai 

precipice. 

which  na- 

caufed  bj 

the  plain, 

ding  place 
A^as  cover 

and  gave 
my  withiii 


The  public  road  runs  along  this  plain,  and 
is  decorated  with  gentlemens*  country  feats 
and  fertile  lields. 

Beyond  this  cove  is  Powel  place,  the  refi- 
dence  of  the  Proteftant  bifliop.  It  is  an  ele- 
gant houfe,  and  the  farm  and  gardens  are  in 
Englifli  (lyle. 

A  large  area  in  front,  with  irregular  cluf- 
ters  of  trees,  a  walk  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
and  the  defcent  by  fteps,  lead  the  vifitor  around 

[a  feat  of  Dhe  greateft  difcinftion  in  the  neigh- 

[bourhood. 

I;  In  furveying  Abraham's  plain,  we  were 
pointed  to  the  places  where  Montgomery, 
V/oofter  and  others  quartered  and  carried 
on  their  military  operations. 

The  country  around  Qjiebec  exhibits  many 
enchanting  profpeds.     The  villjn^es  and  fet- 
klements    acrofs  the  St.  Laurence,    towards 
.^point  Levi  and  the  States — the  Ifle  of  Or- 
"leans — the  country  towards  the  falls  of  Mont- 
"niorency — ^^Dorchefcer  bridge — and  the  nun- 
nery without  the  city,  give  beauty  to  extenfive 
--profpe(fts.    The  falls  of  Montmorency,  at  the 
rdiltance  of  leven  miles,   tempted  us  to  a  ride 


II 


iiiii.! 


II 


I 


J2 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


through  the  French  villages  and  firms  cad  of  ^n 
the  city.  |1j 

This  admired  profpeft  is  made  by  a 
fmall  river,  which  defcends  at  lead  two  hun- 
dred feet  in  one  fheet  of  water.  A  bafon 
bolow  receives  it,  and  it  is  conveyed  from 
thence  a  fmall  diftance  into  the  river  St.  Lau- 
rence. We  beheld  the  beauties  of  this  place 
from  a  fummer  houfe,  which  General  Haldi- 
mand  erefted  over  the  river,  to  which  wc 
defcended  by  feveral  flights  of  fteps,  made  of! 
wood,  by  fome  ingenious  artifl:.  The  fummer 
houfe  is  really  hung  over  the  river,  and  the 
fall  mud  be  from  the  above  height,  whenever 
it  gives  way  to  the  decays  of  time.  The 
varied  tinges  of  the  rainbow,  f )rm.ed  amidll 
the  water  and  vapors  in  a  clear  day, — the 
dimi  iifned  ftature  of  the  fiilicrmen  belov/, 
and  the  ingenuity  of  the  artift,  aflTorded  us 
much  amufement.. 

This  houfe  is  elegant,  but  not  large. It 

is  accommodated  with  all  the  offices  needful 
for  a  place  of  retreat  for  an  hour  or  a  night : 
It  is  too  coftly  for  a  peafant  and  man  of  bu- 
finefs,  and  is  not  fufficiendy  commodious  for 
the  permanent  refidence  of  a  gentleman  of 
leifure,  rank,  or  fortune.     Much  tafte  is  dil- 


SI 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     33 


IS  cad  of  BplayeJ,  and  feme  conlidcrable  expence  has 
been  bcftowed  in  decoration. 


le  by  a 
wo  hun- 
A  bafon 
'ed  from 
St.  Laii- 
his  place 
il  Haldi- 
i^'hich  wc 
made  of  I 
fummer 
and  the 
/henever 
e.  The 
d  amidft 
ay, — the 
below, 
brded  us 


ge.— -It^ 
needfuli 
a  night: 
of  bu- 
llous fori 
eman  of) 
le  is  dil- 


The  Indian  villi^ge  of  Lorette  is  vifited  by 
;rangers,  where  iiiLcrcouiic:  with  civilized 
^lations,  and  the  fiiperintendcnce  of  tiie  Ca- 
:holic  clergy,  exhibited  the  dcfcendents  of 
:he  aboriginals  of  America  in  a  well  regulated 
'tdementj  pious,  induilrious,  and  moral. 

A  chapel,  parfon's  houfe,  and  the  ufual 
Infiitutions  of  this  countrv,  for  the  benefit  of 
\ts  inhabitants,  are  found  in  this  place  alfo. 

Rcfering  particular  remai*ks  upon  the  cuf- 
>ms,  manners,  and  peculiarities  of  this  coun- 
7  to  the  clofe  of  this  work,  we  prpceed  tQ, 
^ther  parts  of  the  provinces. 

Upon  leaving  Quebec,  we  rcvifited  fomft 
If  the  country  through  which  we  paifed  oa 
|ur  way  thither.     We  found  the  river  Sorel 

be  much  narrower  than  the  St.  Laurence^t 
id  the  margin  equally  well  filled  and  deco- 
ited  with  handfonie  villages,  ttirough  a  fer- 
ile  country.  An  uniformity  of  fafhion  pre*', 
[ails  in  their  churches  and  houfes — but  tlia 
lariety  of  views  is  great.  The  narrowniefs. 
rf   the  river  prefented  objefts  on  each  fi4e> 

we  progreffed  flowly  againfb  the  flream. 


34 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


'''!•' 
-!<iii! 


Bcllevieii  and  the  nc'uz.hbourins:  mountain 
exhibit  an  alluiing,  noble  profpcil.  Thi 
mountain  rlies  in  a  conical  lonnj  and  ii  con 
fpicuous  at  a  great  did.mce.  Apple  an 
other  fruit  trees  fiouriih  upon  it,  and  it  is  no 
inhabited  except  in  a  few  places.    ' 

Chamblee  Baf">n  at  the  head  of  riavigi-acl'^n 
is  about  one  mile  acrofs.  Its  form  is  circul  ir, 
and  its  banks  inhabited.  A  church  and  vil- 
Ja2;e  on  one  fide,  and  an  old  (lone  fortijicatiji. 
on  the  other,  and  the  entering  of  the  waten 
from  Lake  Champlani,  down  the  rapids,  give 
variety  to  the  objedls  v/hich  engrofled  oui 
attention.  .The  fort  is  fquare,  inclofing  a 
barrack,  and  guarding  the  water  convcyaijce 
and  entrance  by  land. 

The  rapids  are  feldom  pafled  except  in  the 
fpring,  and  fome  have  proje3:ed  a  mode  o( 
clearing  out  the  rocks.  Time  will,  by  fome 
work  of  art,  open  an  eify  water  communicar 
tion  between  tiie  river  and  lake. 

.  Very  coftly  and  excellent  mills  are  erefled 
on  the  fide  of  thefe  rapids.  The  carrying  place 
from  hence  to  St.  Johns  is  about  eight  miles. 
•^ — The  road  is  good,  boats  are  often  taken 
acrols,  and  but  little  interruption  to  travellen 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CAIv'ADA.     3 5 

:pJ;cs  pl.ice   bctv/cen  Lake   Clmmplain   and 
.)!iebcc.  ' 

Lower  Canada  appears  upon  examination, 
fo  enjoy  a:,  many  of  the  bk {Tings  of  life,  as 
ire  needful  to  m.dve  mail  happy.  The  go- 
'tinment  is  milci  and  encrgetiv'\  The  ancienc 
I^Vench  code,  and  the  prcfent  iyilem  of  Eng- 
jini  laws,  are  condufted  in  fuch  a  mode  as  to 
(ecu re  the  citizens  at  large,  in  every  valuable 
light.  A  reprefentation,  by  the  election  of 
he  people  in  a  provinciallegifiature,  and  the 
irivilege  of  trial  by  jury,  are  efcabliflied  by 
he  conilicudon. 


The  civil  and  military  lift  are  maintained 
Jy  the  Britilh  nation,  and  the  people  pay  few 
■r  no  taxes  to  defray  the  expenfes  of  govern* 
:nt.  Salaries  are  paid  to  the  Englifli  clergy, 
hd  to  Ibme  of  the  Catholic  and  Prefbycerian 
ndnifters,  by  the  crown. 

The  militia  are  officered  by  men  elefled 
frcmi  among  themfelves,  and  their  refpe/dive 
companies  have  alarm  pofts  aH'igned,  and  the 
Ijplcers  refidence  is  marked  by  a  pole  with  an 
evergreen  top.  In  this  mode,  in  all  cafes  of 
diPcrels  and  danger,  a  refort  is  immediately 
||)intcd  out,  for  the  mhabitant  and  ftranger* 


^..r. 


I  ill 


rW 


iil'l' 


36 


A      lOUR      THROUGH 


To  the  fnith-eafl:  of  this  pliice  near  tl:c 
St.itcs,  llcVcniCiUs  are  rapidly  torniiiig  v.it'iinl 
the  province.  Hie  letclers  arc  cliicMy  from 
tl'C  loy.ilids  of  tlie  hite  army,  and  enngrantsl 
fnnn  New-England.  Ah'eac'y  lias  cc^nfidera- 
ble  laiul  been  improved  and  brcuf.;ht  intcj 
culdvadon,  and  as  thefe  extend  along  the  lines,) 
and  aJivance  toward  the  river  St.  Laurence, 
they  will  gready  increale  the  profperity  ot| 
this  province. 

The  hardy  manners  and  indiiftry,  the  fuc- 
■cefsfiil  mode  of  clearing  lands,  in  which  chel 
northern  colonifls  excel,  (.dve  them  manvl 
advantages.  They  cukivate  the  older  farmsl 
through  the  ancient  fettlements,  among  the 
French  inhabitants  better,  and  landholders  irj 
general  prefer  fuch  upon  their  eltates. 

This  province,  affords  as  niany  of  the  m 
enjovments  of  life,  and  the  people  are 
happy,  peaceable,  and  profperous  as  in  an| 
part  of  North  America.  Few  conquered 
countries  have  been  better  protected  or  go 
verned.  Relii^^ion,  while  it  reflrains  the  peo 
pie  within  the  bounds  of  morality,  has  a  largj 
fliare  in  teaching  them  to  obey  oovernmeni 
The  principles  of  liberty  and  religion,  whicf 
have  placed  all  power  in  the  hands  of  tfc 


'm   mam! 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     37 

people,  an.1  dedroyed  m;\ny  of  the  laws  and 
ciiltoms  of  countries  governed  by  abfoliite 
monarchs,  and  nobles  and  clergy  with  fupe- 
rior  powers,  are  gnidually  extending:  This 
in  confequence  of  the  ufe  and  adminiflration  of 
the  Englilh  laws  and  their  opinions,  cuflonis, 
manners  and  religion. 

The  monaftic  orJ.ers  dccreafe  gradually 
and  few  offer  themfelves  for  admidion  iiKo 
the  nunneries.  The  order  of  Friars  and  Je- 
|fui.s  were  permitted  to  enjoy  their  eftates  at 
[the  conqueft,  but  to  enrol  no  more  in  their 
fraternities.  Thefe  orders  are  therefore  al- 
imoft  cxtind.  • 

An  order  called  the  grey  nuns,  are  fchool 
miftrefTes,  who  inftrucl  the  girls  only  in  the 
French  and  Indian  villages.  They  are  not 
confined  to  the  cloifter,  and  are  very  attentive 
jto  their  pupils  whom  they  early  initiate  into 
[an -acquaintance  with  the  cathechifms,  fmallcr 
*ituals,  and  the  principles  of  religion.     They 

lave  maid-fervants  who  attend  their  domef- 
tic  concerns,  and  the  inflitutions  may  be  con^ 
fidered  as  well  regulated  boarding  fchools. — 
*te males  who  perform  the  more  laborious  part 

f  the  economy  of  the  nunneries,  are  called 


t- 


38 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


))  J 


ii!;;,,! 


Lay  Sifters,  and  have  not  taken  the  vow  of: 
fint^Ie  life, 

Proteltantifm  has  fnade  but  litde  progrefs. 
The  univerfal  toleration  which  is  eftablilhed 
by  law, — ihe  peaceable  temper  of*  the  go^ 
vernors  of  the  Catiiolic  church,-^and  the  civil 
and  military  charafters  at  the  head  of  the 
province,  have  preferved  general  harmony. 

The  Englifh  bifliop  in  Qiiebec  is  a  gentle- 
man of  great  learning,  eminently  qualified  for 
his  office.  His  moderation  and  discretion  are 
very  acceptable  to  all  parties.  So  little  z^al 
for  profelyting  from  the  Catholics  has  pre^- 
vailed,  that  more  have  joined  thefe  from  the 
Proteftants  than  have  been  converts  to  the 
Englifh  church  or  the  Prefoyterians. 

Although  a  bifhop,  prieft^  and  deacon  of- 
ficiated in  Quebec,  yet  an  Englilh  church  has 
not  been  erefted  for  the  ufe  of  the  Engl.lh  con- 
gregation, and  divine  fervlce  is  celebrated  in 
a  Catholic  chapel.  The  politenefs  and  hof- 
pitality  of  the  clergy  wei'e  difplayed  in  aj 
manner  »vhich  demands  our  higheft  acknowl- 
edgments of  gratitude. 


fh 
Our  very  geeteel  reception  by  the  aiTiflantH|tt 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA,     29 

biihop  of  the  Catholic  church,  opened  a 
fource  for  much  information.  Vv^c  found 
him  eafy  of  accefs,  affable^  and  dignified  in 
his  manners.  He  alfo  performed  the  duties 
of  a  parlfli  prlefi:  and  received  a  reward  not 
fuperior  to  moft  of  that  order.  He  frequent- 
ly adminiftered  medicine  to  the  fick,  having 
been  called  in  his  m.iffions  to  ftudy  the  heaU 
ing  art.  ; 

By  his  letter  we  became  acquainted  with 
the  bifliop  of  Quebec,  a  much  efteemed  ec- 
clefiaflic.  in  Quebec  we  met  thefe  dignita- 
ries together  ar  the  feminary,  and  dined  with 
the  former  at  the  chief  juftice's,  in  company 
with  three  of  tne  ckvgy  of  France,  gentlemen 
of  diftinguilhed  rank,,  learning,  and  abilities* 

The  intcicourfe  ?mong  all  defcriptions  of 
the  heads  of  departments  and  communities  is 
filch,  as  difplay*^  great  order  and  confidence 
lair.ong  each  other,  with  a  happy  eiTed:  upon, 
jthe  people  and  fubordinate  ftations. 


The  common  habit  of  a  bifhop  is  a  purple 
IftufF,  with  a  velvet  collar  and  cuffs.  A  gold, 
crofs  about  three  inche*^  long  is  worn  around: 
his  neck,  and  a  broad  filk  fafh  with  gold 
ItoiTels  at  the  ends  around  his  waift,     Thi$^ 


i. 


!fi 


'l 
il 


H 


;ni! 


Jilli.. 


i;iN 


iii^i^ 


I  S!ii:i 


ill 


I. 


4^ 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


drefs  is  fitted  to  the  body  but  fpreads  in  the 
flcirt,  reaching  to  the  feet.  It  is  cloied  from 
the  neck  to  the  bottom  with  a  large  number 
of  buttons.  The  habit  of  the  inferior  clergy 
but  ib  fiiiiilar  in  its  fafliion. 


is  black 


K   ',. 


li. 


On  our  return  from  Quebec,  we  found 
the  bifhop  at  Point-au-Tremble,  relebratip'> 
the  anniverlarv  of  his  confecration,  atter  'v.... 
by  the  head  of  the  Recolletts,  three  of  the 
clergy  from  France,  and  fome  of  the  parifh 
clergy  from  the  city  and  neighbourhood. — 
Perfeft  eafe  prevailed  among  all,'  Towards 
the  evening;  the  bifhop  accompanied  us  to 
the  banks  of  the  river,  attended  by  the  head 
of  the  Recolletts,  a  gen-tlema^i  far  advanced 
in  life>  but  retaining  a  fund  of  vivacity,  and 
a  fprightly  fancy  and  humour,  which  make 
his  company  acceptable  iii  ail  circles..  , 

When  the  fun  was  near  fetting  the  parifli- 
bell  rung,  and  the  comp.iny  taking  off  their 
hacs,  corverfation  was  fufpended  and  devo^ 
tion  engrofled  a  few  minutes.  This  appeared 
to  be  a  fignal  for  prefenting  devout  thankf- 
givings  to  the  Father  of  mercies,  and  is  ob-.. 
ferved  accordingly  by  the  whole  pariih  and 
Gountry^'   .        .v^,     ..   .i  .,   :.   .V  ,:,,;•. 


isi 


^oracip--> 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.    41! 

In  the  chapel  a  body  of  Inil^an  men,  wo- 
men, and  children  were  upon  their  knees,  to- 
tally abforbed  in  prefencing  their  evening 
adorations.  We  pafiTed  thern,  apparently 
without  being  noticed,  and  as  tar  as  external 
deportment  authorized  us  to  judge  of  the 
employment  of  the  heart,  no  fupplicantscoukl 
be  more  fincerely  devout.  They  were  parr 
of  a  tribe  who  were  upon  a  vifit  to  the  biihop 
their  former  prieft,  and  were  treated  with^ 
great  tendernefs  and  kindncfs  by  liimfclf  and 
his  family. 

Tlie  weather  was  pleafant  and  we  had  fcen 

Irhem  in  their  encamp'ment  near  the  margin  ot^ 

the  river.     They  had  made  their  voyage  in" 

'  birch  canoe,    which  was  now  their  flicker 

:,!■   the  fun.      The   women  v/ere   bufy  in 

Imanufafluring  articles  for  fa!e  in  birch  bark, 

which   they    decorate    with   the   porcupine's 

quill — Diligence  and  innocence  marked  their 

[demeanor.      Thefe   temporary   de.ences    by 

jtheir  canoes  are  mi^de  m^ore  convenient,  by 

^hc  birch  bark  which  they  carry  with  i!icm; 

jwhich  anfwcrs  as  a  floor  to  fleep  upon,  or  as 

:ents  to  ward  off  the  wind  and  rain.     The 

>irch  canoes  are  made  of  the  bark  of  th^t 

:rce  and  are  of  different  dimicnfions.     Thofe:. 

D  2  '    '       ' 


4^ 


A      TOUR      THROLTGH' 


ufed  in  the  North-wedern  trade  are  larse  :— -- 
They  are  conftrufled  for  expeditious  Liling, 
•—are  light,  and  eafily  conveyed  over  porta- 
ges or  carrying  places.  Great  attention  mull 
be  paid  to  the  motion  at  entering  or  while 
within  them,  as  the  Imalleft  accident  will 
t)vcrturn  *-hem  if  this  is  not  obferved.  When 
they  are  I  ^erly  loaded  and  bailaftcd,  they 
are  fafe  and  pafs  dangerous  rapids  without 
difficulty  or  damage. 

While  the  Canadian  men  have  not  gener- 
ally the  benefits  of  fchools^  and  want  colleges 
and  inftruftors,  the  women  are  well  educated 
in  city  and  country  nunneries.  The  urfuline 
nuns  teach  in  the  cities  and  towns,  and  the 
grey  nuns  in  the  country. 

The  country  nunneries  are  large  well  built 
houfes,  with  gardens  and  needful  court  yards 
for  fafcty,  exercife  and  ornament.  One  of 
thefe  is  to  be  found  in  every  village.  Girls 
from  a  diftance  are  received  as  boarders,  and 
the  village  girls  as  day  fcholars — They  retire 
at  regular  hours  and  ere  removed  at  the  plea- 
fure  of  parents.  Being  contiguous  to  the 
chapel  of  the  neighbourhood,  all  attend  de- 
votions morning  and  evening.  The  cfFeft  is 
plcafing,  as  the  women  obtain  good  educa^ 


mi 


TW 


UPPER  AND  LOV/ER C  ANADA.    43 

tions  in  reading,  writing,  and  many  of  the 
ufeful  and  ornamtntal  branches  of  induitry 
which  are  peculiar  to  the  (ex.. 

Religion  is  venerated  in  every  quarter — Its 
temple-^,  its  humane,  and  benevolent  inftitu- 
tions — Its  monuments  and  memorandums  in 
cities  and  countries  are  numerous.  Hiftoric 
paintings  and  pidures  cover  the  walls,  and 
the  croffes  by  the  way  conftantly  lead  the 
mind  to  devout  refleftions.  It  would  be  fo- 
reign from  the  defign  of  this  work  to  enter 
upon  a  detail  of  the  peculiarities  in  the  opin- 
ions and  rites  of  the  Catholic  church,  which 
we  call  fupcilcitious.  Many  ingenious  argu- 
ments are  given  for  their  faith  and  mftitu- 
tions.  Proteftants  when  they  ftriped  the 
churches  of  hiftoric  fcripture  paintings,  de- 
prived themfclves  not  only  of  the  rich  pro- 
du6lions  of  eminent  artifts,  but  of  valuable 
means  for  u")ftru(5l:ion.-  The  animated  canvas^ 
in  Catholic  countries,  gives  us  more  jufc  and 
lively  ideas  of  the  nativity,  refurreclion,  and 
afcenfion  of  our  Ix)rd,  than  can  oe  aflbrdtd 
by  the  tongue  or  pen  of  the  learned,  nay,  than, 
by  the  language  of  fcripture  itfelf.  That  the 
painter  has  given  us  the  fcene  in  reality  is  not 
pretended,  but  as  exaft  a  reprefentation  of  it 
as  human  ingenuity  can  devife.     To  this  cuf- 


44 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


I, 


torn  of  decorating  churches  it  is  to  be  attri- 
buted, that  Italy  produced  fo  many  eminent 
painters,  and  became  a  fchool  for  men  of  that 
profefTion.-  The  charge  of  idolatry,  has  been 
carried  in  the  opinion  of  fober  Proteftants, 
beyond  all  bounds  of  decency.  The  repre 
fentation  of  the  perfon  or  event  is  preferved 
to  inftru6l  and  folemnize.  The  mod  power^ 
ful  arguments  are  ufed  to  deter  the  people 
from  praying  to  images  or  pictures. 

While  candor  and  charity  lead  us  not  to  cen- 
fure  or  condemn  what  :  are  not  thoroughly 
acquainted  with,  we  fliould  guard  againft 
thofe  violences  and  convulfions,  which  would 
make  a  prey  of  profefibrs  of  religion  of  any 
kind  to  gratify  fpleen,'  bigotry,  avarice,  or 
any  hateful  pafiion.  Reformation  is  to  be 
effedled  by  wifdom,  gentlenefs,  patience,  and 
more  exemplary  piety. 

Travelling  in  this  province  is  eafy  and 
expeditious.  A  public  mail-ftage  runs  from 
St.  Johns  to  Quebec :  A  calefcha,  a  fpecies 
of  chaife  or  chair  drawn  by  one  horfe,  is  ufed 
by  all  clafTes  of  citizens.  Thefe  are  to  be 
had  at  moft  of  the  peafants  houfes,  and  ob- 
tained at  pleafure  in  the  cities.  For  a  mo- 
derate price  travellers  are  conveyed  in  them- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.      45 

fixty  niilefx  a  day — As  tiiC  driver  pafTes  the 
churche;.  aiid  oollcs,  he  checl^s  Ci>e  fpeed  of 
thr  horfe  ;ind  itoDs  fjv  a  minuce,  and  takinr^ 
cirhis  hat  repeat,  a  iinall  prayer,  and  replaces; 
it  upon  hii>  head  and  di  i/'?s  oix.  Some  have 
profanely  re ii lied  and  ridiculed  this  prcuflice; 
but  to  be  conducted  as  a  llranger  by  attend*- 
ancs,  who  conllantly  pay  their  homao-e  to  the 
Creator  aad  Preferver  of  nien,  ijiuft  confole 
every  confidcrate  mind..  It  is  more  com-? 
iBcndable  to  encourage  fuch  devotions,  than 
to  interrupL  them  and  give  necdkls  offence,. 

Water  conveyances  in  fmall  and  large  veft 
fels  are  alfo  conflanc  betwi^en  the  cities  of 
Montreal  and  Qnebec.  Whenever  wind  or 
tide  detc-^ined  us.  contrary  to  our  inclination, 
we  found  ready  tranfportation  by  the  peafants 
on  the  land. 

Water  voyages  arc  peculiarly  entertaining: 
The  expedition  and  convenience  by  whicb 
they  are  conduced,  lead  many  to  prefer  tiiis 
mode.  The  canoes  and  flat  bcittomed  boata. 
pals  fafely  and  are  managed  v/nh  dexterity-^: 
To  the  orderly  and  refpeftiul  deportment  of 
the  boatmen  in  general,  they  joined  a  fcru- 
pulous  demeanor  as  they  paflbd  the  churches 
and  monuments  of  religion.  The  w^term^ea 
conftantly  amufed  us  with  their  iinging  in  a 


46 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


jieai^'re  which  is  harmonious,  and  animates 
then,  to  greater  dexterity  and  expedition. 

The  foregoing  defcribes  a  fummers  vifit 
and  tour.  A  winter  is  fcarcely  Ids  pleafanc; 
The  country  is  then  covered  with  fnow— -the 
waters*  congealed,  and  pleafure  and  bufinefs 
create  an  aftive  ftdSon,  The  roads  are  good: 
Fat  horles  and  good  (leighs,.  called  carioles, 
are  plenty.  Dreiled  in  fur  and  prepared  for 
the  climate,  the  cold  and  ftorm.  makes  but 
little  impreflion — They  caufe  but  little  com- 
plaint by  either  night  or  day,  and  the  houfes 
being  heated  by  ftoves  a  temperature  is  form- 
ed to  that  degree,  which  caufes  flowers  to 
appear  in  full  bloom,  and  citron  trees  are  to 
be  found  which  have  not  been  injured  by 
froft  for  many  years.     .  -     "  - 

With  a  warm  drefs,  a  bufl^aloe  fkin  over 
our  feet  and  lap,  a  fur  cap,  muff,  mittens 
and  bulkins  lined  with  fur,  v/e  vifited  the 
village  of  the  Algonguin  and  Irrioquois  In  • 
dians,  about  40  miles  from  Montreal — This 
is  the  refidence  of  the  dcfcendants  and  rem- 
nant of  two  tribes,  who  dwell  in  two  ftreets 
or  fmall  cantonments  in  houfes  formed  of 
hewn  timber  clofed  with  lime.  The  diftance 
between  thefe  cantonments  is  but  a  few  rods. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     47 

In  each  is  a  fmall  chapel  of  a  regular  form, 
about  fifteen  feet  fqiiire.  Thefe  edifices  are 
frequent  in  thefe  provinces  and  chey  are  ini- 
proved  in  the  Cathf  lie  procefTionj,  in  villa- 
ges, as  a  fubilitute  for  large  churches  in  the 
cities.  Certain  folemnities  are  attended  iri 
them  on  public  feftivals. 

The  Indians  appear  to  be  totally  converted 
to  chnftianity,  and  reduced  to  order  under 
the  government.  No  attendants  upon  reli- 
gious worfhip  can  be  more  punftual  or  rever- 
ential, and  the  fino-ing;  of  their  women  is  foft 
and  enchanting.  The  large  chapel  is  deco- 
rated with  a  number  of  excellent  hiftoric  rep- 
refentations  taken  from  facred  fcripture. — ^ 
The  altar,  veftry  room,  veftments  of  the 
priefts,  and  the  furniture  at  large  ufed  in  this 
temple,  are  exceeded  by  few  of  the  French 
churches. 


M 


The  Indians  do  not  confine  their  devotions 
to  the  public  afTembling  in  the  church,  but 
are  pun6lual  in  their  morning  and  evening 
ejaculations  before  and  after  their  meals,  and 
in  all  cafes  of  difficulty  and  danger. 

After  the  feafon  of  hunting  expires,  thtrfe 
two  tribes  return  to  their  village  : — One  of 


4^ 


TOUR 


THROUGH 


Hi 

i 


; 


«' 


them  permits  the  wom^n  and  children  to  at- 
tend them  inco  the  foreil : — In  the  other,  the 
women  abi  ie  at  home.  In  fiinimer  the  land 
is  ciilriv^atevi,  anvl  bicad  and  many  other  ne- 
ceiTarifs  raifed  for  their  conrumption  during 
the  year.  They  have  horfcs  and  other  cattle, 
and  vehicles  for  v/inter  travelling.     The  wo- 

o 

men  are  diligent  in  their  domeilic  conc:rns, 
and  manufafture  belts,  mockalons,  and  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  clothing  of  their  familie-:.— 
Furs  and  fkins  are  drelled  -by  thefe  people, 
and  their  whole  time  appears  to  be  induftri- 
oufly  employed  in  the  manufi6lures  peculiar 
to  themfelves.  A  large  fiirplus  is  fold  to  the 
merchants  in  this  villa^rc  and  Montreal.  Tra- 
ders  are  eftablifhed  in  all  thefe  fetrlements, 
who  enjoy  a  lucrative  traffic  and  poffefs  the 
confidence  of  the  Indians.         ^     ;    ■      •■ 

The  felicity  and  profperity  which  prevail, 
afford  ftrong  arguments  in  fupport  of  the  po- 
licy of  both  the  French  and  Englifli  gov- 
ernments, and  the  good  effeftof  the  Catho- 
lic religion.  Thefe  tribes  are  ufi^ful  auxiiia- 
ries  in  all  confufions  Vv'ith  the  weftern  tribes, 
ana  are  employed  as  ambafladors  and  runners. 

* 

■'  About  forty  miles  above  diis  fettlement, 
plantations  are  forraing  an  the  Ottawais  river 


'i 


V  •■ 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.    49 

V 

into  -a  region  but  little  known  until  hue  years. 
A  large  country  is  now  opening  by  water 
upon  this  river,  which  will  be  the  principal 
channel  of  communication  with  the  north- 
weftern  country.  The  neighbourhood  of  this 
territory  to  Montreal,  and  the  eafy  commu- 
cation  by  water  to  every  part  of  the  provin- 
ces, make  It  very  valuable. 

At  the  mouth  of  this  river  is  the  Lake  of 
the  two  mountains,  known  by  its  vicinity  to 
two  high  hills,  which  are  to  be  feen  ai  a  con- 
fiderable  diftance.  Many  fertile  iflands  and 
fmall  ftreams  are  connefted  with  this  Lake 
and  the  river. 


iii 


Oppofite  to  this  Indian  village  is  a  French 
fettlement,  to  which  we  pafled  thro'  an  avenue 
of  evergreens  of  about  twelve  feet  in  height, 
placed  in  the  ice,  in  regular  order,  equi- 
diftant  from  each  other.  This  is  a  common 
praftice,  and  very  neceflary,  where  roads  are 
expofed  to  be  deftroyed  by  new  fnows,  or 
the  traveller  may  lofc  his  way  in  a  ftorm. 

A  ftone  fortification  formerly  defended  the 
entraice  into  the  Lake  and  river  at  this  place, 
and  fome  of  its  remains  are  to  be  feen,  conti- 


D 


TJT9-Tr 


SO 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


guous  to  tjie  chapel  and  parifh  hoiife.  Thcfc 
are  ere6led  on  a  point  of  land,  where  com 

manding  views  prclent  in  every  direftion . 

Time  may  make  this  a  place  of  importance, 
and  a  large  city  may  be  formed  where  the 
natives  have  refided  unmolefted  for  many 
years.  A  road  is  opened  from  Montreal  in 
the  rear,  and-'  winter  journey  is  made  acrofs 
the  iflands  and  frozen  waters  in  front. 

The  cuftoms  and  manners  of  the  Indians, 
have  been  very  generally  and  accurately  de^ 
cribed  by  thofe  who  firfr  vifited  them, 
what  we  call,  their  ruiie  and  favage  ftate — An 
intercourfe  with  thofe  who  have  emigrated 
from  Europe,  has  changed  the  fcene  in  ferae 
degree  among  the  tribes  in  Canada.  They 
have  aflumed  the  fhort  furtout  which  is  gen- 
erally ufed  by  the  peafantry.  The  children 
are  nurfcd  upon  a  board,  and  the  blanket  i.s 
retained  by  men,  women  and  children,  as  the 
outer  garment  in  rain  or  cold.  The  Indian 
(locking  and  mockafins,  are  well  adapted  to 
the  climate.  The  French  peafanis  wear  a 
(hoc  of  lained  leather,  confl:ru6ted  in  the 
fame  form, 

*  } 

The  French  government,  early  countenance 
matrimonial  alliances  with  the  natives,  and  a 


Mill!?:"'  V 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     5 1 

great  rimilarity  of  features  and  coniplexion 
appear  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  througli 
which  we  have  paffed.     This  aillnity  is  evi- 
dent in  both  the  French  and  Indian  fettle- 
ments,  and  men  and  women  of  thefe  refpec- 
live  tribes  and  nations,  live  happily  together 
in  domeftic  and   matrimonial  llate.     Their 
progeny  marry  together,   as  children  of  one 
common  family.      Was  thi«  virtuous  and  ra- 
tional matrimonial  alliance  encouraged,    by 
the  European  emigrants  into  the  American- 
regions  north  and  fouth,  many  confufions  and 
outrages  would  be  prevented. 
« 
From  this  village  we  pafled  through  French 
fettlements  into  the  upper  province,  and  the 
towndiips  poffeffed  by  the  late  loyal  corps 
and  the   adventurers   from    Europe  and  the 
States.     People  of  every  language  and  nation^ 
have  came  hither  and  formed  profpering  co- 
lonies.    Heaven  has  blefled  their  labors,  in-- 
dullry,   and  enterprize.     Few  have  experi- 
enced greater  fuccefs.     The  nation  of  Eng- 
land has  foitered  them  with  great  care,  and 
beftowed    rations    of    provifions,    clothing,, 
materials  for  houfe  building,  huibandry  tools, 
and  continued  the  pay  of  the  late  officers  and 
foldiers  for  tliree  years.     Eaclx  of  the  cmi- 


^'■i 


5^ 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


^i| 


grants  alfo  had  a  quantity  of  land  beflowed 
upon  them. 

In  return  for  this  bounty,  the  nation  vends 
her  m  inufaclures,  and  muft  enjoy  a  lucrative 
commerce  with  countries  that  are  increafin^ 
in  wealth  and  numbers,  whofe  confumption  of 
foreign  commodities  will  increafe  in  propor- 
tion alfo.  The  advantages  to  the  nation  from 
this  juflice,  policy,  and  mode  of  colonizing 
will  be  immenfe.  The  country  is  fertile,  weU 
timbered  and  watered.  Commodious  locks 
are  formed  near  tlie  rapids,  which  facilitate 
tranfportaLion.  The  winter  is  peculiarly  fa- 
vorable for  conveying  the  produce  of  the 
country  and  commodities  of  the  merchant  to 
market,  as  the  roads  are  good^  the  country 
flat,  and  waters  frozen. 

At  St.  Regis  on  the  f)uth  fide  of  the  river, 
a  number  of  Indians  refide  in  a  fmall  town, 
built  of  hewn  timber,  who  are  occupied  in 
hunting,  fii'hing,  farming,  an  J  the  manufac- 
tures of  their  tribes.  The  m  ){l  diilinguillied 
cbjecl  ia  this  place  is  a  very  large  Catholic 
'jhurch,  inferior  to  few  in  fize^  which  has 
been  lately  built  by  the  Indians  thcmfelves, 
with  a  fmall  adiftance  from  the  clergy  and 
fume  geuucmen  of  rank  and  fortune,     Mcn^^ 


UPPER  AND  i:OW£R  CAffAD A.     53 

women,  and  children  in  this  vill  ige  aGired  the 
mafons  a'^d  carpenters  in  procuring  timber,, 
ftone,  and  lime,  and  in  every  p.^flible  pa"t  of 
the  labour. 


It  is  a  work  which  does  honour  to  their 
2eal^  and  is  an  ornament  to  a  very  pleafant 
country,  contiguous  lO  fertile  i (lands,  ana  the 
waters  of  the  river  St.  Laurence..  Mountains, 
towards  the  fouthweft  are  {(^en,  v/hich  are 
in  the  Si:ate  of  New-York,  and  neighborhood 
of  Lake  Champlain — Roads  from  hence,  and 
from  an  American  plantation,  making  on  the 
fide  of  the  States  oppofite  J ohnftown,  or 
Ofvxgatche,  wdll  expcviite  the  communica- 
tion with  Albanv  and  New- York,  and  Ih*  rtcn. 
the  prefent  route  m^^re  than  one  hundred 
miles.  The  country  is  well  calculated  for 
this  purpofe. 

The  Britifh  nation  pay  a  falary  to  the  Ca- 
tholic minifter  of  St.  Regis,  and  a  preityte- 
rian  minifter  on  die  oppofite  fhore.  At 
Cornwall  and  Joh;  down,  they  are  about  to 
cre(5l  and  maintain  churches  and  acad,emi|^3j 
ai)4  a  fum  is  afened  for  the  purp(;>fe.. 

ICingfton  is- a  confiderabk  town  in  tlit  L^p- 


p 


f« 


41 


Mi\ 


-  ^- J 


D  2: 


i+ 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


per  province.  It  is  erefted  near  the  old  fort> 
called  Frontinac,  part  of  which  remains  with 
the  barracks,  and  are  improved  by  the  gar- 
rlfon  which  is  (lationed  there.  Many  large 
houles,  (lores,  and  Ibme  convenient  wharves 
are  built  near  the  river  or  lake.  Bf.nng  at 
the  extremity  of  that  inland  fea>  called  the 
Lake  Ontario,  and  near  the  outlet  from  thence 
which  forms  the  river  St.  Laurence,  this  mud 
be  a  town  of  confiderable  importance.  A 
number  of  large  vefiels  are  conltantly  palling 
from  hence  in  every  direftion  acrofs  the  Lake, 
and  boats  are  arriving  to,  and  paffmg  from 
hence  and  Montreal.  The  country  is  clear- 
ing and  cultivating.  Numerous  bays  and 
rivers  arc  conne6led  with  the  Lake,  and 
wealth  muft  reward  the  induftry  of  a  bufy, 
enterprifing  people.  Wheat,  lumber,  cattle, 
horfes,  and  pot-afhes,  will  compofe  the  prin- 
cipal exports.  The  €onftant  influx  of  inhabi- 
tants will  for  a  long  time,  confume  the  pro- 
duce of  the  farmer,  and  fpare  the  trouble 
of  exportat..  .1.  With  the  numbers  that  have 
entered  thefe  regions,  government  has  been, 
cflablifhed,  fimilar  in  its  form  to  the  conftitu- 
tion  of  JEngland,  and  the  other  royal  govern- 
xnents.  The  civil,  military,  and  ecclefiafti- 
cal  officers  arc  chiefly  fupportedby  the  crown,. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     55 

and  the  LeglQature  meets  on  the  other  fide 
of  the  Lake. 

An  Englifh  church  is  ere(5led,  and  a  miA 
fionary,  who  is  the  biihop*s  commifTary,  is  in- 
duced into  the  cure — He  vifits  the  Mohawk 
Indians,  and  has  tranflated  the  gofpels  and 
liturgy  into  that  language. 

The  objeft  of  the  Britifh  nation,  is  to  peo- 
ple and  cultivate  this  country,  and  to  make 
it  as  perfeft  a  part  of  the  empire  as  poffible. 
Dreading  revolutions,  they  are  cautious  in 
receiving  republicans  from  the  States,  and 
wifh  to  encourage  hufbandm  j  and  labourers 
only.— Clergymen,  lawyers,  phyficians,  and 
fchool-mafters  from  the  States,  are  nor  th^ 
firft  charafters  who  would  be  foftercd.  Ma- 
ny congregations  would  have  been  formed,, 
and  fchools  opened,  if  the  policy  in  this  par- 
tioitar  had  been  diirerent. 

An  extenfive  field  is  opened  for  men  of 
letters  in  every  profeffion.  Deftitute  of  col- 
leges, academies  and  fchools,  and  confiding 
in  the  qualifications  of  the  clergy  ordained  by 
the  bifhops  in  the  States,  governor  Simcoc 
wifhed  to  have  introduced  fuch,  but  an  aft  of 
the  Britiili  parliament  difconcerted  his  defign. 


^1 


1*11 


,■  i. 


H 


J5 


-1    », 


4,     TOUR      THROUGH 


ff 


il! 


When  the  bidiops  of  England  were-  per- 
mitted to  confecratc  bifhops  for  the  States, 
a  claufe  was  inferted,  in  the  aft  palTed  by  par- 
liament for  the  purpofe,  that  nothing  therein 
contained  fhould  enable  fuch  "  bidiops  or 
clergymen  ordained  by  them,  to  exerclfe 
their  fiinftions,  within  the  limits  of  the  na- 
tion/* This  act  was  drawn  by  the  arch- bi (hop 
of  Canterbury,  and  has  been  obftinately  ad- 
hered to.     ,      , 

While  the  States  are  open  to  the  clergy 
from  England,  and  feme  fince  th^  peace  and 
the  above  law,  have  been  received  into  our 
parifhes ;  the  clergy  born  and  ordained  in  the 
States  are  excluded  from  the  parifl^ies  in  the 
provinces.       ,., 

Some  of  the  latter,  by  reafon  of  our  popu- 
lar eledlions,  have  giyen  way  to  thefe  emi- 
grants from  Europe,  to  the  diftrefs  of  thefe 
American  clergymen,  and  not  for  the  greater 
good  of  our  flocks.  By  means  of  this  law, 
thefe  new  countries  have  been  deftitute  of 
minifters,  and  lament  their  e^cp-^fure  to  the 
inroads  of  miidelity  and  enthufufm. 

Wife  dignitaries  and  able  ftatefmen  on  both 
fides  of  the  AtlAatici  ch'*ifti^  minifters  and 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     57 

profcfTors  agree,  that  the  law  is  iUiberal,  iin- 
chrifLian  and  unequal.  Much  complaint  and 
clamour  have  arlfcn,  but  no  remedy  has  been 
provided. — In  the  provinces,  they  fay  that 
ckfgymen  from  Europe  are  not  acquainted 
ftifficiently  with  the  cuftom  ,  manners,  and 
habits  of  Americans,  to  ferve  with  them  fuc- 
cefsfully.  In  the  States,  it  is  agreed  that  this 
lav/,  and  our  unrcllrained  mode  of  receiving 
clergymen  from  the  Brinitli  nation,  is  not 
confonant  v/ith  the  opinions  of  our  country 
as  to  aliens,  and  the  pradice  of  the  Europe- 
ans, in  their  refpeftive  countrie:;,  who  retain 
all  places  of  influence,  honor,  and  profit  in 
the  hands  of  their  own  fons  and  citizens.— -^ 
I'he  unity  of  the  chriilian  church,  in  heart,, 
faith  aad  devotion,  is  too  far  facrificed  to  State 
p<olicy  and  Ecclefiaftical  eftablilhments.  This 
law  hiia  certainly  defeated  the  extending  of 
religion  and  learning  in  the  provinces. 

All  the  attornies  in  this  province  have  not 
been  regularly  bred  to  the  profeiTion.  Many 
are  admitted  to  die  bar,  becaufe  they  have 
been  adherents  to  the  government,  and  re- 
fide  in  pardcular  neighbourhoods,  where  a, 
praftitioner  is  wanted*  The  order  of  attornies 
is  not  numerous  in  Canada.  Men  of  diftin- 
guifiied  talents  and  acquirements  arc  in.  the 


r 


58 


'     A     TOUR      THROUGH 


■profcffion,  and  juftice  is  well  adminiftered.— . 
Controvcrfies  amomj'  t!ie  Catholics,  are  <?en- 
craliy  adjuiled  by  the  clergy,  and  litigations 
are  not  frequent.  Penfion,  place,  and  favor 
are  referved  for  the  Englllh  and  Scotch  ad- 
venturers, and  the  fons  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge. ,      . 

..'■■-■■'         .  •   • 

A  taflre  for  literature,  and  defire  after  men- 
tal and  other  improvements  is  prevalent,  and 
fcience  will  extend  its  happy  cfFeds  among 
thele  new  fettlcments. 

Mechanics  of  every  kind  are  eflablifhed— 
Ship  builders  and  mill  v/rights  have  produced 
excellent  fpecimens  of  their  abilities.  Mjft 
of  the  mills  which  are  erefted  upon  the  larger 
ftreams  and  mill  feats,  are  the  labors  of  inge- 
nuity, and  bring  profit  to  the  proprietors. 

A  water  voyage  throno;h  thefe  provinces 
from  Kingflon  to  Montreal  is  enchanting  and 
entertaining,— cheap  and  expeditious — while 
much  delay  and  many  impediments,  put  the 
pat'ence  to  the  proof,  in  attempts  to  pafs  into 
the  country  againft  the  ftream. 

New  objecls  prefent  every  moment  to  draw 
the  attention  :   The  river, — the  broader  wa- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     59 


tcrs  of  the  Lake  of  St.  Francis, — the  rapids 
and  iflands,  are  full  of  novelcy. 

Among  the  firfl  which  attraft  notice,  is  a 
cliiiler  called  the  Thoufand  Iflands,  where  at 
leafl  that  number  are  colleded  together,  not  far 
from  Lake  Ontario,  of  various  forms  and 
fizes.  Sometimes  they  are  exhibited  in  a 
regular  line,  and  then  furround  us,  where  to 
a  (banger,  no  certain  outlet  appears.  Thefe 
iflands  arc  not  inhabited  except  by  birds  and 
wild  animals.  Filli  are  taken  in  abundance 
in  moft  of  the  northern  waters. 


1i 


tt 


The  rapids  at  the  outlet  of  the  Lake  of 
St.  Francis, — below  the  cedars, — and  at  the 
cafcade,  are  entertaining  to  the  eye^,  but  caufe 
the  heart  to  tremble.  Thefe  the  Indians  en- 
counter without  damage  or  much  anxiety: 
No  adventure  appears  to  be  more  hazardous; 
but  the  fkiliful  Indian  navigator  conduced 
us  fafely  through  ail.  To  the  Catholic  priefts 
we  were  indebted,  for  recommending  fuch 
for  boatmen,  as  were  temperate  and  faithful. 
Upon  our  parting  with  our  atcejidants,  they 
generally  afkcd  whether  we  were  latisfied, 
and  they  had  fulfilled  their  engagements  ? — • 
This  is  a  praftice  among  both  French  and 
Indians,  and  renders  travelling  more  plcafant, 


m 


6o 


A      TOUR,      THROUGH 


where  fuch  perfons  may  be  called  to  refp^nd 
for  infolence  or  diilionefty,  and  by  habit  arc 
taught  to  be  decent  and  refpectful  to  employ- 
ers.— In  no  inftance  did  one  of  thofc  who 
cfcortcd  nsj  offend  by  their  negled,  indo- 
lence, impertinent  language,  or  intoxication: 
And  on  our  return,  we  were  frequently  afked, 
whether  our  attendants  had  done  their  duty. 
All  travellers  would  with  that  a  fimilar  care 
was  univerlal. 

''■■''■'■>  '»-'-''!.*■'  • 

".■<  '  . ,  '  ^  ,      ,-''■.■",,■'    ■  -  '  '    .' "'  "       I 

^        '    "  •     '  [^  ..■■-,..      I    -■■.         . 

"     The  mutualattachmcnt  of  the  clergy,  and 
their  Indian  parifliioners  to  each  other,  ap- 
pears to  be  the  refult  of  thofe  reciprocal  good 
offices,    which  bind  generous  fouls  together, 
and  of  that  particular  attention  which  is  paid 
to  the  natives.      Inftances  of  this  kind  are 
often  repeated. — A  prieft,  who  had  lived  a 
long  time  among  the  Indians,  Vv^as  about  to 
be  removed    to    another  cure — Intelligence 
of  this  reached  the  Indians,  who  fent  an  aged 
chief  to  him  as  a  meffenger.     Having  deliv- 
ered his  errand,  and  ufed  many  arguments  to 
difFuade  him  from  removing  ;    he  afked  for 
an  ancient,    valuable  belt,    which  had  been 
depofited  with  the  priell  for  fafe  cuftody,  and 
was  the  teftimonial  of  an  alliance  between  the 
natives  and  the  adminiftration  of  that  time : 
When  the  belt  was  delivered,  the  chief  ex- 


.V 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     6y 


rp:)nd 
>it  arc 
ploy- 
who 
indc- 
ition : 
liked, 
duty, 
r  care 


.imining  and  recognizing  it,  fpread  it  around 
tlie  feet  of  the  pried,  and  afked  him  whei'.her 
lie  could  walk  away  from  the  affeftion  and 
bonds  of  union  which  that  belt  reminded  him 
cf?  The  belt  was  reliored  to  its  cabinet,  the 
prrcfl  remained,  and  the  Indians  were  fatisfied. 

In  the  church  at  Kingfton  we  faw  an  In- 
dian woman,  wlio  fat  in  an  honorable  place 
among  the  Englifli.  She  appeared  very  de- 
vout during  divine  frrvice,  and  very  atten- 
tive to  the  /ermon.  She  was  the  relid:  of  the 
late  Sir  WiJJiam  Johnfton,  fuperintendant  of 
Indian  affairs,  in  the  then  province  of  New- 
York,  and  mother  of  feveral  children  by  him; 
who  are  married  to  Englifhmen,  and  provid  - 
^d  for  by  the  crown.  She  is  the  fifter  to  the 
celebrated  Gol.  Brant,  and  has  always  been  a 
faithful  and  ufeful  friend  in  Indian  affairs, 
while  fhe  refided  in  Johnfton  hall,  and  fince 
her  removal  to  Upper  Canada. 

When  Indian  embafies  arrived,  flie  was 
fent  for,  dined  at  governor  Simcoc's  and  was 
treated  with  ref^eft  by  himfelf,  his  lady,  and 
fiimily.  When  treaties  or  purchafes  w^rc 
about  to  be  made  at  Johnfton  hall,  ftie  has 
often  perfuaded   the  obftinate  chiefs   into -a 

F 


f>z 


A    TOUR    THROUGH 


compliance  with  die  propofals  for  peace,  or 
file  of  lands.  She  retains  the  habit  of  her 
country  women,  and  is  a  Protellant. — During 
the  life  of  Sir  William,  flie  was  atterxled  with 
fplendor  and  refpeft,  and  fince  the  war,  re- 
cieves  a  penfion  and  compenfation  for  loflts, 
for  herfelf  and  her  children.  .  , 

Soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  Proteftant 
bifhop,  he  vifiied  the  diocefe,  and  on  his 
way  accidentally  pafled  a  party  of  Indians, 
who  recognized  their  former  miffionary,  the 
prefent  minifter  of  Kingflon,  in  compjiny 
with  the  bifhop,  and  followed  them  to  the 
inn  where  they  halted.  The  bidicp's  atten- 
tion was  drawn  to  the  affeftionate  meeting 
of  the  Indians,  and  their  old  friend.  This 
led  the  Indians  to  afk,  who  the  bifliop  was  ? 
Being  informed,  that  he  was  the  fpiritual 
guide,  who  was  fent  by  the  Great  Father 
acrofs  the  water  to  preach  the  gofpel,  and 
regulate  the  concerns  of  religion,  they  foii- 
cited  the  privilege  of  making  a  fpeech  to  him, 
which  was  done  accordingly  through  the  in- 
terpreter, in  which  they  exprelfed  their  joy 
and  gratitude  to  God,  and  their  earthly  guides 
who  led  him  to  this  undertaking.  The  bifliop 
m  return,  addreflcd  them,  and  agreeable  im« 


i\.. 


UL  PER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     63 

prefllons  were  made  on  all  fides,  by  fo  fud- 
den  and  unexpected  an  interview.  ^ 

The  clergy  of  Montreal  are  proprietors  of 
an  ellate,  near  the  Algonquin  and  Iroquois 
towns,  and  maintain  the  incumbent,  whom 
we  found  to  be  a  fenfible,  polii:^,-  aIJ«ib!e  and 
hofpitable  man.  His  affiftant  was  an  accomr 
pliflied  young  Ecclefiaftic,  who  had  efcaped 
from  France  fince  the  prefent  wars^  and  was 
one  of  the  priefts  in  Lyons.  He  retreated 
by  the  way  of  Geneva  into  England,  and 
fince  h!s  arrival  in  Canada,  has  devoted  him* 
felf  as  a  miflionary  to  the.  fervice  of  the  In- 
dians.. He  has  learned  their  language,  and 
conftantly  attends  the  duties  of  his  funftioa 
with  great  punftuality.  Grntitude  to  his  Al- 
mighty deliverer  appears  to  nave  dicflatcd  this 
meafure  :  He  was  a  youth  of  good  talents  and 
education,  adorned  with  many  elegant  en- 
dowments, acquired  amongit  the  literati  of 
of  a  polilhed  city,  in  a  once  civilized  coun- 
try. His  parents  were  cad  into  prifon,  and 
probably  fell  a  facrifice  to  Jacobinifm  and 
Roberlpiere.         .  *  . 

sThe  clergy  of  the  church  of  Rome,  are 
early  infpired  with  an  ardent  defirc  to  be  lent 
©a  diftaat  milTions^    and  to  propagate  the 


■fl'!!i 


.,_^' 


.n 


#♦■ 


64 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


gofpcl  in  every  part  of  the  work).  They  fa- 
crilicc  eafc  and  affluence  for  thofc  employ- 
ments, with  great  zeal  and  alacrity.  From 
hence  it  is,  that  they  have  pLuited  chriftiani- 
ty,  in  the  moft  diltant  piirts  of  the  globe. 
From  their  confequent  fucceliful  labors?,  and 
greater  experience,  they  are  in  due  time,  ad- 
vanced to  die  ftatijnof  biihops  and  fuperiors. 

They  are  appoinf^d  to  their  various  err- 
ands by  the  biihop  of  the  dioceie,  and  re- 
moved at  his  difcretion,  and  upon  the  deceaie 
of  a  pariih  prieft,  another  is  immediately 
placed  in  the  cure.  Jf  his  admini(tration  is 
not  acceptable,  he  is  made  the  minifter  of 
fome  other  place. 

Dlicords  feldom  break  out  with  virulence 
between  the  clergy  and  their  parilhioners, 
and  great  reverence  is  paid  to  the  priellhood 
zs  an  office  of  divine  appointment.  Aaron 
when  confecrared  to  the  priellhood  in  the 
church  of  Ifreal,  was  not  more  r'svered,  than 
the  Catholic  priefts  are  in  all  public  per- 
forma 


^ces. 


Their  robes  are  made  in  imitation  of  thofe 
\ifed  by  the  Jewilh  priefts,  and  in  commem- 
oration of  the  garments  worn  by  the  Saviour 


;"^ 


m 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     65 

of  men.  Different  prayers  are  connccleJ 
with  thefc  vellments,  and  uled  at  the  liiiie  of 
putting  them  on  or  taking  them  otF.  , 

So  minutely  are  thefe  devotions,  and  the 
inftruvftion  or  moral  conne'fted  with  them  at- 
tended to,  that  the  glove  or  flipper,  ufed  at  a 
lifhop's  confecration,  arc  not  put  on,  without 
praying,  th  it  the  pcrfon  about  to  be  elevated, 
may  be  blcflcd,  as  Jacob  was  bltiled  by  his  fa- 
tJier,  when  he  put  on  the  hairy  gloveS;  and  that 
his  feet  may  be  fliod  with  the  preparation  of 
tl.c  gofpel  of  peace. 

Polltenef;,  prudence,  liberality,  and  dif- 
cretion  lead  the  clergy  of  Canada,  not  to  in- 
troduce the  fubjecl  of  religion  precipitately, 
betore  men  of  other  perfuafions.  They  enter 
upon  fuch  themes  with  caution  and  gravity. 
Carefully  abftaining  from  them  in  public 
places,  which  are  not  devutcd  to  religion.  • 


!l! 


Inftances  are  often  repeated  of  their  refpec^t 
to  the  Bridili  government.  V\'hen  Prince 
William  Henry,  was  publicly  received  in 
Montreal,  many  of  tiiC  clergy  of  the  church 
of  Rom.e  were  prefent,  and  paid  i)im  the  rei- 
pcd   of  kneeling  according  to   the  ancient; 

F  2 


«i 


66 


A    TOUR.    ruKOvatt 


cuftoms  cf  EiiropiP*''The  prince,  however^ 
politely  reqaefted  them  to  difpenle  with  that 
ceremony,  and  was  obeyed. 

The  Pi*oteftant  bitliop,  Defter  Mountain, 
arrived  with  the  title  giirch  him  in  England 
"of  bifhop  of  Quebec.  This  was  the  titie  alfo 
t)f  thb  fuperior  in  the  Catholic  church,  who 
immediately  direfted  his  ckrgy  to  addnels 
him  in  future,  by  his  furname.  Such  cordi- 
ality is  obferved,  that  when  the  late  fUperin- 
tcnding  biiliop  of  the  provinces  (bifliop  In- 
glis)  vifited  Canada,  he  called  upon  the  Ca- 
tholic clergy,  and  was  received  by  them  with 
'great  r^sfpe^ft.  Upon  leaving  the  provirxr^ 
he  latnehted  tlie  d'efolate  ilate  of  the  Englifh 
church,  and  in  a  farewell  fcrmon  preached  in 
Quebec^ .  caufed  the  governor-  general  to  wipe 
the  tear  from  his  eye.. 

The  feafts,.  faib,  and  different  ceremonies 
and  proeeflions  of  the  Catholic  church  are  yec 
obferved ;  except,  that  by  a  late  ordinance, 
the  people  are  not  compelled  to  attend  all 
thoift  which  are  appointed  in  the  callendcr. 
This  difpenfation  w^'^  obtained,  ^through  the 
influence  of  theEngiiih  and  Proteftant  party ; 
fciJt  it  -iias  !iot  prevented  the.  aceoftomed  ob- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     67 


(.  1 

■!  t 


ftrvance  of  thole  feafons  on  the  part  of  the 
people. 

The  feftival  of  Corpus  Chrifti,  in  comme- 
moration of  the  infticution  of  the  facramenc 
of  the  Lord\s-Supper,  is  obferved  as  an  high 
day  in  mid-fiimmefj  znd  a  fermon  is  preach- 
ed on  tranfubftantiatton.  The  great  dignity 
e(  the  holy  Excharift^  which  is  daily  celc- 
brated,  led  the  Catholic  church  to  fet  apart, 
one  day  in  the  year,  in  which  the  prayers, 
fclcfted  fcripturcs,  and  fermons  direfl  the 
attention  more  particularly  to^that  ordinance. 
—They  are  not  Clent  on  the  theme  at  other 
dines.  On  that  day.  the  ftrcet^  are  adorned 
with  branches  from  the  trees,  and  proceflions 
jafs  from  the  churches.  Th<i  priefts  appear; 
dfo  in  tJveir  moft  fj)kndid  robes,. 

A  gentfeman  in  QtJebec,  bting  in  compa- 
ny widi  the  late  worthy  Chief  J wftice  Smith, 
who  was  born  and  edi3cai:ed  in  New- York, 
and  lived  and  c  rd  a  Prelbyterian,  called  tht{c 
proceflions  '^  fooleries.*'  The  Chief  jiiftic^ 
with  'his  acctisftom^  mildnefe  ai=id  good  ienfir> 
requefted  th^  gentleman,  to  re-colleft  what  he 
had  faid?  and  to  confider  when  thcfe  things 
c-alfcd  *  fooleries'  wei^  adopted,. and  whrai:  was 
their  defign.    Time  they  orisinated  at  ;i  -ti'mc 


\Wl 


!'!' 


ifir 


H  - 


63 


TOUR 


THROUGH 


when  chrlftlans  lived  among  heathens,  whofe 
falfe  worfhi'p  was  full  of  oilentation  and  fplen- 
•dor;  that  the  chriilian  procefTions  were  ex- 
hited  in  fuperior  magnificence,  and  that  fome 
duty  of  piety  and  morality,  or  fome  import- 
ant fadl  in  the  gofpel  hiftory  and  the  life  of 
our  Lord,  was  commemorated  in  every  part, 
that  our  candor  and  moderation,  were  there- 
fore to  be  exhibited,  when  we  commented 
upon  the  ufages  of  the  Chatholic  church.  The 
Chief  Juftice  at  the  fame  time,  ufed  the  mod 
refpeftful  language  concerning  the  wifJom  and 
piety  of  the  Englifh  church,  and  extolled  the 
moderation  and  candor  of  the  prefcnt  bench 
of  bifliops  in  England.  Whatever  fpecimens 
of  bigotry,  his  hiftory  of  New- York,  and 
other  writings  might  formerly  be  fuppofed  to 
exhibit,  his  demeanor  in  Canada,  appears  to 
have  been  that  of  a  friend  to  univerlal  tolera- 
tion, libercy,  and  forbearanctT,  among  pro- 
f;:;flbrs  of  every  kind.  Had  he  lived  to  have 
infpetSled  his  hiftory  of  New-York,  it  would 
not  have  appeared  in  its  prefent  form.  Cer- 
tain .things  there  recorded  have  been  invefti- 
gated,  and  ought  to  be  correded,  becaufe 
they  are  contraiy  to  known  fails. 

The  houfes  of  Canada,  are  well  calculated 
for  the  purpofes  of  all  feafons.     Thofe  of  the 


rich 
furfac 
good 
roof. 


cafe 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.      69 

« 

rich  have  generaJly  an  half  ftory  beneath  the 
iurface  of  the  earth,  a  fecond  ftory  is  of  a 
good  height,  and  a  chird  is  formed  in  the 
roof,  which  is  fteep,  that  the  fnow  may  not 
remain  long  upon  it.  This  middle  Aovy  is 
divicied  into  three  large  rooms  in  front,  and 
thre«  fmaller,  with  a  kitchen  in  the  rear. 

Two  ftoves  ar  ^  ^he  kitchen  fire  warm  thefc 
apartments  in  fut -.  a  manner,  that  che  inrier 
doors  are  open  night  and  day,  during  the 
coldeft  weather.  A  large  ftove  is  uibally 
placed  in  the  center  of  one  of  thefe  rooms, 
which  is  at  the 'entrance  and  end.  This  ftove 
guards  the  other  parts  of  the  houfc  fro4n  th<J 
intrufions  of  froft.  The  walls  of  the  ho^Jifes 
are  thick,  as  ftone  and  lime  are  plenty.       ^ 

Th^  windows  are  clofed  by  folding  fafhe'5, 
hung  upon  hinges,  which  open  the  whole  ia 
cafe  of  neceffity,  in  fummen. 

The  art  of  improving  the  benefit  of  tlie 
heat,  communicated  by  the  ftoves,  confifts 
chiefly,  in  making  the  pipes  very  large,  of  a; 
diameter  of  fcvtn  and  eight  inches.  In  the 
court-houfe  of  Quebec,  a  ftove  is  fxed  with 
three  perpendicular  pipes,  which  comraiini- 
cute  with  jcach  €tb<:r : — After  chc  Imokt  h^^ 


I 


J 


m 


70 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


\kU 


pafTcd  through  thefe,  it  is  convcved  acrofs  the 
hall.  Fires  have  lb  frequently  taken  place, 
that  a  law  now  prevent  the  pipes  from  hdutx 
conveyed  out  of  the  houfes,  except  through 
a  chimney.  •• ..  •    .  .   .^ 

Stoves  are  never  iifed  In  the  Catholic 
churches,  and  a  portable  wood  or  tin  Hove 
is  feldom  f(^tn.  The  Englifli  congregations 
in  Quebec,  Montreal,  William  Henry,  Three 
Rivers,  and  Kingilon,  have  ftpves  in  their 
chapels.        , .  ,    .    . 


Proteflant  zeal,  is  perhaps  not  more  cold, 
than  Catholic;  but,  after  the  celebration  of 
Mafs,  Catholics  may  retire  and  not  wait  for 
the  fermon.  Proteftanrs  who  are  fuch  advo- 
cates for  preaching,  as  to  give  up  praying  in 
public,  rather  than  part  with  the  fermon, 
cannot  eadure  the  cold  until  the  whole  is 
ended,  and  therefore,  provide  for  the  wann- 
ing of  their  churches.  But  another  reafon 
is,  that  ftoves  would  deface  the  paintings  and 
ornaments  of  tj:e  church,  and  expofe  thefe 
coftly  edifices  to  be  deftroyed  by  fire. 

The  mild  and  affable  adminlftration  of 
Lord  Dorchefter  made  him  very  dear  to  the 
people  of  Canada^  and  they  take  pleafurein 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     7 1 

repeating  anecdotes  of  his  agreeable  inter- 
courfe  with  all  orders.  The  head  of  the  Re- 
collettSj  v/as  a  gentleman  far  advanced  in 
years.  He  retained  great  vivacity  and  a 
fprigluly  humour  and  fancy,  which  rendered 
his  company  very  acceptable  in  all  circles.-— 
The  fevere  v/eather  increafing  at  the  begin- 
ning of  winter.  Lord  Dorchefter  informed  this 
father,  v/ho  had  the  dIre6lion  of  the  church 
in  which  the  Englifli  congregation  afTembled, 
that  it  was  time  to  place  the  Itovc  in  the 
chapel,  as  Lady  Dorchefter  had  complained, 
that  the  cold  was  difagrecble  on  the  preceding 
Sunday.  I  hoped,  my  Lord,  replied  the 
fcither,  that  her  ladyfhip^s  devotions,  would 
have  kept  her  warm  this  winter. 

The  common  vehicle  for  conveying  paf- 
fengers  in  winter,  is  called  a  cariole,  and  is 
conitrufted  in  a  commodious  fjrrn — Ic  imi- 
tates a  chair  or  chaife  without  a  top,  and  is 
not  unlike  a  calefche  or  fummer  vehicle.  The 
ilcd  cv  runners  which  fupuort  the  cariol- 
are  made  of  plank,  and  elevate  the  machine 
abgut  eight  inches.  In  front  is  a  feat  for  the 
driver,  and  the  whole  is  defended  by  a  work, 
vdiich  fife:;  as  a  o-uarAacainft  the  fnow,  which 
IS  colk(5ted  by  the  machine,  and  impedes  the 
progrefs  of  the  horfe.     Another  ufe  of  this 


.^! 


m 


III 


■'■:',  I 


ii:;! 


..a\n-A  » '.J', 


-'"'  -""-^ 


JBHHHMHI 


72 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


invention  is,  to  enable  the  driver  mr^re  rea- 
diiy  to  raife  the  cariole  over  fuch  obilruftions. 
This  form  adapts  it  for  making  new  roads  in 
Ihow  over  which  it  Aides,  leaving  a  fmooth 
track,  while  the  fnow  is  made  more  com paft. 
An  inconvenience  foon  takes  place  in  roads, 
which  are  confcantly  ufed.  The  fnow  col- 
Icfting  in  front,  and  the  machine  being  lifted 
over  it,  by  the  driver  or  the  (trength  of  the 
horfe,  it  foon  intimates  waves,  and  the  mo- 
tion becomes  ve^y  uneafy^ 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  lead  the  pca- 
fantry,  to  adopt  fome  improvement  in  their 
caiioles,  in  order  to  remedy  this,  but  with- 
out fuccefs. 


■  Carioles  ufed  by  gentlemen  of  fortune,  arc 
conllruiled  and  decorated  at  confiderable 
expence.  They  arc  light,  airy,  and  elegant* 
The  fur  blankets  ufed  in  them,  and  the  fur 
which  is  worn  by   the  propnetors,    exhibit 


great  tafte  and  wealth. 


,  The  horfes  are  not  harnelTed  by  the  fide  of 
each  other,  but  ti:aw  in  aline.  I'his  creates 
an  impediment  to  thnfe,  v/ho  pafs  to  and 
from  the  States,  and'Ganada  in  Vy'ir.ter.  The 
roads^  of  neither  are  adapted  to  the  vehicles 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  C  AT^ADA.     73 


iifed  and  the  mode,    in  which    horlis  draw 
them,  in  the  other.  .; 

A  luxury  is  enjoyed  very  generally  in  icej 
during  the  fummer,  which  is  eafily  preierved 
in  houfes  of  a  very  fiinple  conftru6tion.  Thefe 
are  fmall  cellars,  about  twelve  feet  fquare, 
formed  in  gardens,  or  on  the  north  fide  of 
their  houfes.  They  are  fecured  by  hewn 
nmber  inftead  of  ftone,  and  covered  witn 
plank  or  flabs,  which  are  flip  ported  by  a  pole 
which  refts  on  two  ftandards.  Upon  theic 
planks,  earth  is  caft,  and  the  whole  covered 
with  green  fods.  Small  byfhes,  fuch  as  the 
ro^e  and  goofe-bcrry,  are  fet  in  this  layer  of 
earth,  and  trees  are  planted  around  the  whole 
to  increafe  the  fhade.  The  ice  is  taken  in 
winter  from  the  lakes  and  rivers,  and  caft 
into  thefe  houfes,  where  it  is  broken  into  as 
ftnall  pieces  as  poffible,  and <water  poured  in, 
which  is  congealed^^ytjie  froiJL|  aad  ibrm^^^ 
folid  mafs,  *  .* 


5r 


»•  -i 


n 


To  Proteftants  the  peculiarities  of  the 
Catholic  religion  affords  much  amufement. 
Burials  are  attended  in  the  churches  with 
great  pomp.     During  the  celebration  of  the 


i 


im 


^T:. 

9 

.-  .n  w^ 

♦ 

\ 

m 

s»    '-  '   * ; 

* 

> 

J 

SgS^i^^' 


y^      .A<(/^fTOUR     THROUGH 


J  > 


religious  offices,  the  corpfe  is  placed  upon  a 
ftage,  which  is  afcended  by  fteps  and  fur- 
rounded  by  candles.  Thefe  ftages  are  painted 
black,  and  adorned  with  reprefentations  of 
fculls  and  bones.  Aromatic  gums  are  burned 
in  cenfers  in  honor  of  the  dead,  and  to  pre- 
vent infeftion  or  offence  from  putridity.  . 


v»; 


<  '  5  f      .     »  i 


>< 


^^^'Crofles  (land  in  the  burial  places  as  well 
as  in  the  roads.  Indeed  they  are  feen  in  every 
diredion  through  the  country  in  places  of 
fepulture :  Where  cafualties,  di/afters,  or  de- 
livercnces  have  taken  place,  thefe  are  fixed 
as  monuments.  They  generally  call  the  mind 
to  devout  ejaculations.  In  the  grave  yard^ 
in  Montreal,  are  feveral  marble  monuments, 
made  with  urns  ftanding  upon  pedeftals,  and 
furrounded  by  iron  rails. 


.^>. 


iV/' 


•l.i 


The  monuments  of  religion  reared  for  the 
dead  are  decent,  but  thofe  for  the  benefit  of 
the  living,  mull  engrofs  the  unavoidable  at- 
tention of  travellers.  Such  have  been  already 
mentioned,  in  the  defcription  of  the  churches, 
colleges  and  monafteries.  The  uncommon 
privilege  we  were  indulged  with,  in  vifiting 
three  nunneries,  will  afford  an  opportunity  to 
gratify  the  curiofity  of  fuch,  as  have  not  tra« 
Tcllcd  into  Catholic  countries.      >>   -    .       « 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     75 

Admittance  into  thefe  is  gained  with  great 
difFjcuUy,  only  by  the  permit  of  the  fuperior 
of  the  church,  or  his  vicar  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. Great  neatnefs,  order,  convenience^ 
and  induftry  are  exhibited  in  all  of  them.-— » 
The  apartments  are  well  finifhed  and  furnifh- 
cd,  and  the  v/alls  are  decorated  with  paintings 
and  piftures,  drawn  from  hiftoric  events  re- 
corded in  facred  fcripture.  Portraits  of  the 
foundrefles  of  the  nunneries,  and  of  the  moft 
pious  nuns,  who  have  died  in  thefe  inftitu- 
tions,  are  feen  in  their  parlours  ; — carvings 
of  the  crucifixion,  as  large  as  life,  are  alfo 
frequent.      .  .    .      *      /  r  ^  r  ^^  *    ^  ,^^ 


o  •>  r. 


The  cells  of  the  nuns  are  fmall  chambers, 
about  twelve  feet  fquare,  containing  a  bed  for 
a  fingle  perfon,  a  bureau  for  clothing,  a  defk 
where  devotions  are  attended,  and  two  chairs^ 
A  number  of  thefe  chambers,  with  a  window 
in  each,  and  furnifhed  in  the  lame  manner, 
occupy  the  center  of  the  buildings. 


'n  >  - 


V  i  -  >■  t  -,     *  !• 


:r 


The  habit  of  the  Urfalines  is  black,  and  that 
of  the  order  of  St.  Jofeph  is  white.  They 
are  uniform  in  fafhion  and  quality,  and  are 
not  expenfive,  while  no  emulation  in  drefs 
can  take  place.  The  veil  is  black  gauze, 
and  is  placed  before  the  face  in  their  devQ-- 


m 


»»!». 


i 


7^ 


A      TOUR      THROJGH 


tiors,  in  initation  of  the  angels.  The  nuns 
cat  ac  one  common  table,  and  during  their 
meals,  a  total  filence  is  obfTved,  while  they 
attend  to  one  who  reads  aloud  from  a  fnuU 
pulpit,  built  for  the  purpofe.  The  Lady 
Abbels  inftructs  them  in  their  religious  duties 
every  morning,  and  this  employment,  with 
their  devotions,  takes  up  an  hour.  She  has 
an  airiftant,  who  prefides  in  her  abfence,  and 
a  feparate  dejfk  or  pew  is  built  for  them,  which 
k  decorated  with  many  ingeni.  is  carvings  and 
reprefentations  of  angels.  Hofpital  rooms 
are  alfo  devoted  to  the  fole  ufes  of  the  fick 
nuns,  that  they  may  be  attended  more  con- 
veniently, and  their  manfion  be  preferved 
from  infectious  diforders.  Perfons  of  confi- 
derabk  diilinftion  are  taken  to  the  nunneries, 
when  fick,  and  the  late  bifhop  died  in  one 
in  Quebec.  In  that  within-  the  city,  we  faw 
a?  citizen  of  Vermont,  who  was  v/oimded,  as 
he  was  conveying  a  raft  down  the  river  St. 
Laurence.  No  patient  need  be  better  at- 
tended by  the  phyficians  or  nuns  s  and  this 
was  done  gratis.  -i-  /o  u  i'  --^  ^  ""^  ^^ 

'^»A  gravity  or  fedatenefs,  marks  the  coun- 
tenances of  the  nuns,  which  fome  have  con- 
ftrued  into  the  gloom  of  difcontent.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  no  morcj,  than  the  effeft  of  axon- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CA^KDA.    77 

ftant  rcferve,  which  is  oblervable,  among 
many  other  fefts  of  chriftians,  increafed  by 
the  fingular  drefs  of  the  head,  which  covers 
the  forehead,,  and  conceals  part  of  the  face. 
They  appeared  fufficiendy  cheerful,  and  ex- 
preffcd  the  moll  perfeft  attachment  to  their 
mode  of  living  and  retirement.  One  of  them 
obferved,  that  twenty  years  was,  but  as  one 
day,  fo  pleafantly  did  time  pafs  with  them. 
— She  was  born  and  educated  in  Bofton,  in. 
Maffachufetts.,  -    ■    • 

After  fo  circumffantial'  a  detail  of  the  (late* 
of  thefe  countries,  and  its  religions  and  po- 
licy, it  may  not  be  amifs  to  remark,  that  it 
cannot  be  furprifing,  that  the  natives  who 
receive  the  benefit  of  thefe  regulations,  who 
are  conftantly  amongft  them,  and  are  early 
taught  their  nature  and^  defign,  fliould  be 
converts  to  chriftianity,  and  live  in  peace  and 
friend fhip,  with  the  dependants  from  the  Eur- 
ropeans.. 


: » 


'li 


The  Indians  are  numerous  in  the  trading: 
towns,  after  the  feafon  of  hunting — and  in  ev- 
ery place  are  fcrupuloufly  obfervant  of  all  the- 
rites  of  the  church.     Several  circumdances. 
eonfpire  to  produce  this  effeftj^ — fuch  as. 


\  » 


ii 


K  -■Jf^.K'^t 


78 


A     TOUR,     THROUGK 


ijt.  Their  marriages,  which  were  encour- 
aged, and  took  place  between  the  natives  and 
original  French  fectlers.  Thefe  contrafts 
are  folemnized  in  the  churches. 

^  tid.  The  reftraint  caufcd  by  confedlan,  ex- 
perience has  proved,  that  this  cuflom  de- 
tefts  crimes  committed  againft  each  other. 
The  miflionaries  lead  the  offending  party  to 
make  reftitution  to  the  injured.  In  this  way, 
they  arc  protefted  in  their  property  and  pcr- 
fons,  from  the  fuperior  power  and  art  of  Eu- 
ropeans, 

3d,  The  benevolent  fervices  of  the  prlefls 
and  nuns,  who  have  taught  the  young  fava- 
ges  the  principles  and  rituals  of  religion,  very 
early  in  life.  Thefe  chaunt  and  rcfpond  the 
fervice,  and  obferve  the  ceremonies  of  bow- 
ing, kneeling,  and  croffing  themfelves,,  with 
great  punftuality*^  ■ 

4th.  The  frequent  and  fplendid  proceffions,, 
decorated  temples  and  reprefentations  to  the 
eye,  by  paintings  and  carvings.  Thefe  fav- 
ages,  habituated  to  the  ufe  of  hieroglypliics,. 
are  thus  in  a  degree,  compenfated  for  the 
want  of  a  knowledge  of  letters,  and  the  art 
©f  printing.    The  hiftoric  fcripture  paintings 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     7f 

in  the  Indian  chapels,  are  excellent  perform- 
ances, and  make  ferious  imprefliops,  upon  a 
people  ayerfe  to  ftudy. 

Religion  appears  to  have  been  an  objeft  of 
the  chief  care  of  the  firft  and  fucceeding  inha- 
bitants. Early  refervations  ^nd  purchafes  of 
lands  were  devoted  to  the  purpofes  of  piety 
forever,  and  to  fecure  fo  defirable  an  objeft^ 
the  clergy  and  miffionaries  endured  many 
hardships,  and  fubmitted  to  the  pains  of  po- 
verty, while  the  lands  were  uncultivated.—- 
They  devoted  their  labours  and  incomes  to 
the  qreding  of  churches  and  colleges  very 
early.  Velliges  of  their  economy  and  good 
management  arc  conftant.  The  felf  denials,, 
pious  benefiftions,  and  fuccefsful  exertions 
of  the  Catholic  clergy  to  provide  for  the  fer- 
vice  of  God,  and  the  fupport  of  chriflianity,, 
exceed  every  Proteftant  country  in  any  other 
northern  ftate,  colony,  or  province^,  in  North. 
America. 


ii 


'1| 


The  prefent  government  has  alfo  in  all  their 
locations  of  lands,  reierved  a  due  porporcion 
for  pious  ufes.  As  few  oppreffions  and  cla- 
mours exift  in  fupport;ing  religion,  aspoflible^ 
confident  with  the  prefent  ftate  of  human  af- 
fairs in  bjoth  the  provinces*    : .  ..  . ;  i 


|i;:=f 


i^Mli 


MiiiiHll 


to 


A     TOUR      THROUGH! 


"  The  furface  of  thefe  provinces  is  flat,  and 
the  foil  good,  being  well  wooded,  and  fur-, 
nilh'sd  with  many  ftreams,  rivers,  and  lakes. 

The  river  St.  Laurence,  cannot  be  exceed- 
f  d  in  the  endlefs  variety  of  objefts,  which 
are  conneftcd  witli  it.  It  begins  at  the  outlet 
of  th^  Lake  Ontario,  feven  hundred  niiles 
from  the  fea,  and  is  navigable  for  large  vef- 
feis  3,s  far  as  Montreal,,  which  is  five  hundred 
miles  from  the  mouth,  where  it  is  ninety  miles 
wide.  The  tide  flows  as  far  as  Three  Rivers^ 
eighty  miles  from  Quebec.  In  its  courfe,  it 
forms  an  endlefs  variety  of  bays,  iflands^  and: 
harbors.. 


•  A  general  fertility  prevails  onitsfhores,  a? 
v/e  advance  into  the  country.  It  is  evident 
tiiat  many  of  the  iflands,  have  been  formed 
in  the  revolutions  of  the  feafons,  bv  the  al- 
tered  courfes  of  the  river,  by  ihe  lodging  of 
floating  trees  and  fediment,  which  have  col- 
lefted  together  during  the  floods.  The  bed 
of  the  river  is  left  dry,  in  many  places  be- 
low Quebec.  Its  bottom  is  chiefly  compofed 
of  flat  rocks  in  fuch  places,  and  pilots  are 
obliged  very  carefully  to  keep  the  channeK 
The  conrtant  current  has  worn  away  the  bot- 
tom and  fhores  fo  far^   aat  the  water  has  fub^ 


IjPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     3% 


fided  below  its  ancient  high  wa,tei:mark,  and 
the  lower  town  of  QLcibec,  is  luid  to  be  built 
upon  a  bank,  which  was  regulaiiy  overiiowny 
when  the  country  was  firft  difcovered  by  the 
Euiopeans^ 


»    it:' 


xrt :  ■  t%  i.^  it  .■ 


.  ,g-- 


V»5^-  ti..*-.; 


The  pencil  only,  can  give  a  ftranger  any  jufl 
idea,'  of  the  entertaining  water  fccnes  at  the 
rapids.  The  principal,  are  thofe  of  Richlieu 
Montreal,  La  Chine,  the  Cafcade,  Cedars 
Coto~du-Lac,  and  tliofe  above  Cornwailj  in 
Upper  Canada.  .  .-  .  vrvv.i'V:'^  lu^  t-  •  :  ■■  \j 


The  Richlieu  rapids,  are  paffed  without 
much  difficulty.  Thofe  at  Montreala  prevent 
all  further  progrefs  in  large  veffels.  The 
iliore  is  fo  bold  and  perj  eridicular  at  this  city, 
that  veffeL  are  loacied  ar;d  unJoa^ied  aloBg 
their  fides,  and  v>'harves  ajid  piers  are  not 
wanted.  The  current,  however,  and  contra- 
ry winds,  make  it  necciHtry  to  warp  veffels^ 
with  the  help  of  men,  to  thcfe  ftations. 

At  the  Cafcade,  is  a  rapid  which  is  dan- 
gerous, and  a  great  natural  cu^'iofiiy.  We 
paffed  it  with  two  xndians>  in  a  bircu  canoe, 
upon  the  ridge  of  the  wave  made  by  i\n  cur- 
rent, when  the  fu^alleft  error  on  the  part  of 
fub'  I  our  boax-mea  would  have  plunged  us  into  4 


V«3' 


pap 


11 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


whirlpool  fome  feet  below  us.  Advancing 
near  this  place,  the  Indian  in  the  ftern  with 
a  fmile,  pointing  to  the  fhore,  expreffed 
that  he  wiilied  we  were  on  it — The  linile 
was  returned  to  animate  him :  He  gave  the 
fign,  that  no  motion  of  the  body  muft:  take 
place.  '  Laying  afide  his  !iat,  and  croffing 
himfelf,  he  fpoke  to  his  companion  in  the 
bow ',  both  redoubled  their  exertions,  and  in 
a  moment  we  pafTed  all  danger,  and  found 
ourfelv^s  gliding  down  with  the  current. — - 
Curiofitv  led  us  to  land  and  view  the  dan- 
gerojs  place,   where  we  had  paffed  unhurt* 

Part  of  the  Britifh  army  perifhed  at  this 
place,  by  following  the  pilot's  boat  in  front, 
which  from  his  (kill  v/ent  fafe,  where  /vind, 
compafs,  and  deep  water,  are  not  all  the  re- 
quifites  for  fuccefsfui  navigation.  A  lock 
and  canal  convey  boats  now,  without  rifquing 
the  dangers  of  the  rapids.       ;  ii^  .    > 

The  Jfles  of  Montreal  and  Orleans,  are  the 
mod  noted.  The  firft  has  been  difcribed, 
and  is  made  remarkable,  by  its  mountain, 
which  in  Englifh,  is  the  Roya!  Mountain. 
The  fecond  is  near  Quebec: — It  contains  fc« 
Ycral  villages,  and  is  under  high  cultivation. 


> " 


,>■         Ik'; 


■Mi 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADxV.     8 J 

The  rtie^dows  and  low  lands,  near  the  river 
and  lake,  yield  good  crops  of  grafs. 

The  rivers  which  unite  with  the  St»  Lau- 
rence) are  the  Ofwagatchie,  Ottawas^  Sorel, 
L'  AfTumptionj  St.  Francois,  and  Three  Ri^ 
vers.  The  firft  fetclcments  were  formed  upon 
the  banks  of  the  river  and  lakcs^  for  the  con- 
venience of  water.  Few  farms  in  the  lower 
province  are  cleared  at  any  confidcrable  dif- 
tancc  from  thefe  waters.  Many  mill  feats 
are  upon  thefe  ftreams,  and  wind- mills  arc 
frequent  near  the  fliores  where  the  waters  arc 
fmooth. 

• 

The  vegetation  is  rapid,  and  the  fummer 
feafon  fliort.  The  ice  melts  gradually  by  the 
influence  of  the  warmer  waters  from  the 
fouthwcft.  In  winter  it  is  fomctimcs  fud- 
denly  broken  in  fome  places  for  a  few  days, 
and  floating  and  crouding  together  by  the 
force  of  the  current,  and  the  confinement  of 
a  narrower  part  of  the  river  below,  it  is  con- 
gealed rogether :  One  of  thefe  coUedions  of 
ice,  is  formed  oppofite  Montreal,  and  a  road 
is  cut  through  it  with  axes,  before  a  palTagc 
can  be  obtained  to  the  fouth  (hore.      *  -     ^ 


"•  ,♦ 


.'.=*  .- »  i  ¥ 


Bufincfs  is  conduced  with  facility,  as  re- 


fcJPS5S'SSnli9raEinj5j(3teKI»rS«.i" 


"fssijvBsn'' 


84         -Vr    A     TOUR     THROUGH      .-'' 

gukr  pofls  pais  into  Canada,  from  the  States, 
and  through  the  provinces,  as  fkr  as  Halifax, 

:.'  Newfpapers'  are  printed  at  Quebec,  Mont- 
real, and  Newark,  in  Upper  Canada.  They 
are  carefully  guarded  againil  every  thing  that 
niayexcite  dilcontents  among  the  inhabitants, 
or  encourage  aflaults  upon  religion  and  govern- 
ment.-  'Books  are  feldom  printed,  as  the 

communication  with  England  is  conllant,  and 
all  literary  produ6lions  are  obtained  early,  at 

^  moderate  price.  No  paper-mill  has  been 
erefted,  and  that  article  is  imported  from 
abroad.  ^  '.-.  .  . 

•J  The  climate  is  more  congenial  to  cpmmercc 
and  agriculture,  than  is  generally  imagined. 
Accelfible  to  the  ocean,  and  velTels  of  heavy 
burden  coming  up  the  St.  Laurence,  as  far 
as  Montreal,  great  amends  are  made  to  thofe, 
who  do  not  refidc  on  the  borders  of  the  fea. 
It  is  evident  to  every  honeft  man,  that  it  mud 
be  the  wiili  of  the  people  of  the  provinces, 
to  be  at  peace  with  the  people  of  the  States. 
No  fubftantial  good  could  be  gained,  but 
much  might  be  lo(t  by  the  conteft.  No  ad- 
vantages could  be  derived  to  the  States,  as  a 
government,  by  a  war  with  Canada.  Indi- 
viduals aduated  by  a  thiifl  for  fpoil,  and  by 


I  IF 


UPPER  AND  LOV/ER  CANADA.     S5 

a  love  of  diford'^r,  have  foiisht  to  embroil 
both,  but  hitherto  without  lucceis.  It  is  a 
well  known  fadt,  and  openly  confeffed,  that 
the  Biiclili  nation  does  not  derive  a  revenue 
from  thoil^  provinces,  which  is  equal  to  the 
fum,  expefted  by  the  crown  in  protecl.ing, 
governing,  and  providing  for  its  adherents. 

When  the  Governor  GefieraPs  fpeech  to  the 
Indians  appeared,  by  which  they  were  in  dan^ 
ger  of  being  inftigated  lo  war,  the  wife  and 
good  were  pained.  When  the  proclamation 
of  neutrality  was  feen,  under  the  fignature  of 
Prefident  Wafhington,  an  univerfal  joy  w^as 
circulated- — Similar  fenfations  were  e^thibited, 
when  the  treaty  of  peace  was  ratified.  While 
thefc  events  took  place,  agents  from  the 
French  republic,  were  actively  exciting  the 
people  to  infurred:ions,  and  the  laws  of  the 
province  were  violated  by  fmugglers.  A  late 
trial  has  illucidated  fa6ls,  v/hich  were  well 
known  before.  Men  from  the  States,  who 
hud  been  received  into  the  provinces  as  fub- 
jefts,  permitted,  to  eftablifh  themfelves  in 
bufinefs,  to  repair  their  fortunes,  and  obtain 
credit,  were  too  aftive  in  attempts  to  deftroy 
the  government,  to  plunder  public  (lores, 
and  make  ipoil  of  the  treafures  of  the  Catho- 
lic church.  H 


'111 


86 


A      TOUR      THROUGH 


Publications  had  been  iffued  through  the 
news-papers  in  Philadelphia,  to  found  the 
public  opinion,  as  to  a  war  w^ith  Canada. — • 
Every  mifreprefentation,  as  to  the  (late  of 
the  popular  opinion  was  fought  for,  and  great 
encouragement  was  given  by  many  in  the 
States,  to  fuch  as  were  folicitous  for  convul- 
lions.  At  this  tin^,  the  peopk  of  Canada, 
were  not  projefting  trouble  for  the  Stares, 
but  as  far  as  pofTible,  encouraging  a  friendly 
intercourfe,  and  reciprocal  good  offices. 

\  The  Catholic  religion  had  been  aflauhed, 
ind  treafures  devoted  to  pious  ufes  were  feized 
upon  in  France  : — Armies,  and  the  leaders  in 
the  nev/  government,  were  dividing  the  pro- 
perty of  temples,  religious  houfes,  and  afyl- 
ums  for  poverty  and  difeafc,  and  for  the 
young  and  defcacelefs 

Reformation  was  the  pretext:  This  flame 
was  begun  in  a  great  degree  in  the  States, 
and  a  few  were  ready  to  give  it  free  courfe  in 
the  provinces.  The  clergy  from  France  at 
this  time  took  great  pains  with  the  Canadi^ 
atis,  to  lead  them  to  fubordination  to  go- 
vernment, and  to  preferve  themfelves  from 
mafiacres  and  deftruftion.  They  favv  that 
the  Catholics  were  profcribed,  and  chat  t!ic 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  CANADA.     87 

property  devoted  to  religious  ufcs  was  doom- 
ed to  fpoliucion.  Hiltory  can  fcarcely  aiford 
a  more  diabolical  defign. — Religion  is  pro- 
teded  by  government,  in  the  fame  manner,, 
as  in  the  States.  The  people  are  fatisfied 
with  their  religion  : — It  preferves  order,  and 
no  fubftitute  was  offered ;  we  had  no  right  to 
impofe  another  upon  them.  The  revenues 
of  the  clergy  were  not  excefllve,  and  they 
were  benefaiftors  to  their  flocks, — had  pa- 
tiently endured  poverty  and  hardfhips,  until 
the  lands  were  brought  to  their  preient  ftate 
of  cultivation.  They  protect  their  aged  pa- 
rents and  other  relations,  maintain  great  hof- 
pitality,  and  are  the  patrons  of  the  people. 
Such  is  their  duty  and  intereft.  So  import- 
ant have  the  parilh  priefts  been,  (and  xt\Y 
others  are  now  in  Canada)  in  the  efteem  of 
the  Britifli  government,  that  great  tender- 
nefs  and  refpe(5t  have  always  been  paid  to 
them.  It  is  an  incontrovertible  fad,  that 
thofe  perfons  in  the  States,  who  wilhed  to 
pillage  the  clergy  of  Canada,  have  to  the 
utmoft  of  their  power,  injured  th:i  order  of 
clergy  in  their  own  neighbourhoods.  They 
do  not  fupport  chriftianity,  but  are  among 
its  inveterate  foes. 

The  rancour  againft  the  Catholics  is  moflE 


88 


A    TOUR   THROUGH 


feverc  in  thofe  Scares,  .^yherc  they  have  few 
or  no  ProieRant  minillers.-r — The  people  of 
the  States  are  divided  into  parties  about  reJi- 
gion,  and  are  not  at  unity  among  themftlves 
— Union,  order,  harmony,  and  profperity, 
univerfally  extend  among  the  Catholics,   in, 


Canada. 


:>■  I 


It  is  well  known,  that  the  principles  of  li-. 
berty  and  law,  which  give  dignity  and  hap- 
pineis  to  the  States,  are  derived  from  the 
maxims  adopted  in  the  government  of  Eng- 
land. Thefe  principles  muft  extend  through 
the  provinces.  Legiflatures  elefted  by  the 
the  people,  and  trials  by  jury,  put  new  pow- 
ers intoithe  hands  of  the  Canadians. Civil 

courts  are  regularly  and  frequently  holden,— • 
no  taxes  are  levied,  and  no  extortions  made. 

Madnefs,  avaiice,  bigotry,,  and  intolerance 
alone,  could  wirti  to  carry  war  into  Canada. 
Commerce  and  colonization,  under  the  ban- 
ners of  peace,  will  give  happinefs,  wealth,  and 
prolpcrity,  to  every  pare  of  North-An)€rica,. 


^- 


•  + 


# 


4 


m 


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Dat 


^-^^ 


•^■•4S"i|S-^-^-4i-4*-i^"*t^-^  {^■•^•^■^r^^^^-^-^-^ 


LETTER 

?ROM    A    GENTLEMAN    TO    HIS    FRIEND,' 

Dacriptive  of  the  Deferent  Settlements,  in  thi. 

Pravince  of 

UPPER  CANADA. 


•!|.-!H^-^^.A^fi.^.  I^i^^^^}^^^,^^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14380 

(716)  872-4503 


^J 


W.r 


7#/'l 


I 


w  ' 


INTRODUCTION. 

THE  valuable  information  contained  in 
the  following  Letter,  and  the  very  refpecta- 
ble  character  of  the  Author,  lead  the  writer 
of  the  Tour,  to  fubjoin  this  alfo,  that  the 
Volume  may  be  mote  ufeful  to  the  public. 


^1  »0<'0<'<Q<>0>^'0<'^  ^^  >0>0«>0'>0^>C»0->tQ< 


ALE  T  T  E  11. 


Nevz-York,  iQth  Nov.   1794^ 


MY   DEAR  FRIEND., 

jiC^^-^INCE  I  had  the  pleafurc  of  writing? 
§  ^  §  to  you  from  this  city,  in  which  1 
Yl^^M  gave  you  a  particular  defcription  of 
the  lands  in  this  State,  and  in  the  State  of 
Pcnnfyivania,  together  with  the  mode  of  fet- 
tlement,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  arc 
to  be  purchafed,  I  have  made  a  tour  through 
the  province  of  Upper  Canada,  and  ifliall  en- 
deavour to  give  you  a  particular  and  impartial 
account  of  that  country,  fo  far  as  I  have  tra- 
velled through  it,  with  its  laws,  government, 
and  commercial  advantasjes.  In  mv  letter 
from  Albany,  I  mentioned  that  I  went  to  that 
city  by  water,  from  thence  I  proceeded  to 
Scheneftady,  fifteen  miks,  by  ftage.  Sche- 
neftady  is  a  handfomely  fituaced  little  town, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk  river,  inhabited 
moftly  by  Low-Dutch  ;  but  from  the  appear- 
ance of  the  place,  one  would  imagine  it  a 
defe.rted  village,   the  houfc§  bein^  generally 


54 


A    LETTER. 


old,  fmallj  and  moflly  fhut  up,  but  iurround- 
cd  by  tiie  fined  flats  of  intervale  land  you 
can  pofTibly  imagine,  which  continue  to  the 
fource  of  that  river.  The  defolate  appear- 
ance of  this  town  was  accounted  for  to  rne, 
by  the  current  of  Indian  trade  turning  down 
the  river  St.  Laurence,  fince  the  revolution. 
It  has,  however,  the  profpecl  of  becoming  a 
flourifhing  plac",  ere  long,  by  the  vafl  in- 
creafe  of  the  fettlements  to  the  weft  of  it,  the 

produce  of  which  muft  centre  there.- At 

this  place  I  took  an  open  boat,  nav'^ated  by 
three  men,  in  which  I  paffed  to  Lake  Ontario, 
without  any  other  interruption  than  two  (hort 
portages,  one  at  the  little  falls  of  half  a  mile, 
round  which  they  are  now  cutting  a  canal  ^ 
the  other  of  one  mile,  at  Fort  Stanwix,  about 
one  hundred  miles  v/etl  of  Scheneftady;  at 
which  place,  we  leave  the  Mohawk  river, 
aifri  defcend  the  current  to  Ofwego,  one  hun- 
dred miles  more  to  the  weft,  where  the  Bri- 
tifh  hold  a  poft  at  the  entrance  of  Lake  Onta- 
rio, commanded  by  a  captain,  from  whom  I 
received  every  mark  of  civility  and  attention, 
A  cuitora-houfe  officer  i&  alfo  ftationcd  there, 
to  prevent  an  illicit  trade  being  carried  on 
between  the  United  States  and  the  Britifh 
colonies.  No  merchandize  in,  nor  furs  out, 
are  pcrmitcd  to  pafs  tbi^  poft,  without  a  paff- 


A    LETTER 


9S 


pert  from  the  governor  of  Upper  Canada ; 
but  fettlcrs  n:ioving  into  that  province  to  re- 
fulf,  are  permitted  indiicriminately  to  pafs 
with  all  urenfils  of  hufbandry,  houfehold  fur- 
niture, and  {lores  for  their  own  confrmption. 

The  high  prices  which  hatters'  fur   at 

prefent  command  in  the  United  States,  is  the 
only  inducement  I  conceive  for  fmuggling  paft 
that  poft;  for  except  a  few  articles  imported 
from  the  Eaft-Indies,  I  found  the  retail  ("hops 
at  Kingfton  and  Niagara,  felling  as  low,  and 
many  articles,  particularly  woolens,  lower 
than  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. ' 


* 


From  Ofwego,  vcflels  fail  to  Niagara, 
Kingfton,  and  any  other  port  on  the  Lake ; 
but  fettlers  more  frequently  continue  along 
the  fouth  fliore  of  the  Lake  to  Niagara,  about 
one  hundred  miles,  in  the  fame  open  boats 
which  bring  them  hither,  as  they  are  generally 
manned  by  themfelves.  But  finding  a  vefiel 
here  ready  to  fail  for  Kingfton,  I  difmified 
my  boatmen,  and  embarked  in  her  for  that 
place,  about  twelve  hours  fail. 

Kington  is  a  new,  but  grovv^ing  town,  fit- 


1 


*  This  was  ivnttcn  prevhus  to  ike  late  Treaty* 


mna 


S6 


A    LETTER. 


uatc  on  the  norrh-eaft  corner  of  Lake  On?a- 
no,  where  that  Lake  empties  itfelf,  and  forms 
the  river  St.  Laurence,  the  banks  of  which 
are  thick  fettled  down  to  Lake  St.  Francois, 
where  the  provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada  are  divided.  This  river  is  navigable 
for  vcaFcIs  of  one  hundred  tons,  and  upwards, 
to  Orvregatche,  fe venty  miles  below  Kingfton  j 
but  vefitls  feldc  m  go  down  the  river,  as  the 
fort  wliich  is  at  Kingfton,  ferves  as  a  depofic 
for  all  the  public  ftores,  provifion,  and  mer- 
chandize for  the  upper  poits. 

The  laud  immediately  about  Kingfton,  is 
covered  by  valuable  quarries  of  lime- ftone, 
and  thro'  all  the  fcttlements  round  it  are  plen- 
ty of  thin  valuable  ftones,  which  are  con  fid* 
ered  by  the  inhabitants  rather  as  an  acquifition 
than  detriment  to  their  plantations.  The 
moft  flouriftiing  part  of  this  fettlement  is 
round  the  Bay  of  Kenty,  the  foil  of  v/hich  is 
rich,  eafy  worked,  and  produces  from,  one 
to  three  crops,  without  any  other  cultivation 
than  what  is  done  by  the  iron  tooth  harrow, 
and  yields  from  twenty  to  thirty  buftiels  of 
wheat  to  the  acre ; — thofe  lands  are  fome- 
what  heavy  timbered,  having  vaft  quantities 
of  the  fugat  maple,  hickory  and  bafs  wood, 
and  in  fome  places,  white  pines  of  a  furprif- 


mmm^mmt- 


f» 


A   L  E  T  T  E  R. 


/M 


ing  height;  but  where  the  latter  grows,  thc.^ 
land  is  more  fandy,  and  although  it  is  warm, 
fweet  land,  it  is  not  fo  ft  ny  as  the  maple  or  * 
oak  land.     This  Bay  is  70  miles  in  length, 
beginning  about  twenty  miles  fouthvveft  from  , 
Kingfton,  leaving  a  neck  of  land  from  two 
zo  twelve  miles  wide,    between  it  and   the 
Lake,  all  of  whi'-h  is  fettled,  and  round  the 
whole  Bay  fo  thick  fettled,   that  their  im- 
provements  already  meet,  and  form  the  ap- 
pearance  of  a  beautiful  old  fettled  country. 
This  Bay  and  the  creeks  emptying  into  it,' 
abound  in  great  quantities  of  wild  fowl,  and 
fifli  of  various  kinds.  ,    ,  ■: 


-».  I J 


From  Kingfton  I  proceeded  to  Niagat-a^  in 
a  fchooner  of  upwards  of  one  hundred  tons 
burthen  acrofs  this  little  fea  of  frefti  water; 
a  fea  it  may  juftly  be  called,  for  we  were  a 
great  part  of  the  time  for  three  days  out  of 
fight  of  the  land  ;  though  paffages  have  been 
made  in  twenty  hours  5  we  enter  the  Niagara 
river  betv/een  the  fort  and  the  town  called 
Newark,  with  a  beautiful  profpe6t  of  both. 


•r     -Ff. 


The  fort  ftands  in  cJ  commanding  fituation, 
on  a  point  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
river  and  lake,  upon  the  eaft  fide  of  the  river, 
and  is  a  regular  fortification,  in  good  repair. 


»  and  well  garrifoned. 


ISllll 


pi 


5» 


A    LETTER. 


The  mouth  of  this  river,  afFonIs  a  fafe  and 
copious  harbor,  fufficiently  large  for  half  the 
Britifli  navy. 

The  town  of  Newark  is  fituate  in  lat.  43 
north,  on  the  wett  banks  of  the  river,  ex- 
tending along  the  Lake  about  a  mile,  enjoy- 
ing in  the  fummer,  the  frelli  breezes  from 
this  little  fca,  in  almoft  every  diredion,  plen- 
tifully fupplied  with  fi/h  at  all  feafons  of  the 
year.  In  the  winter  here  are  caught  by  feines, 
quantities  of  white  fifh,  which  feem  to  be 
peculiar  to  that  river;  they  are  generally  from 
two  to  fix  pounds  weight,  and  are  confider- 
ed  the  bed:  fifh  in  the  lakes;  befidcs,  there 
are  fturgeon,  bafs,  and  many  other  excellent 
fifh,  in  great  plenty;  falmon  are  taken  in  all 
the  creeks  round  the  Lake ;  thefe  varieties 
of  fifh  are  not  only  cfleemed  a  luxury,  but  a 
great  affiftance  to  new  beginners  in  fupporting 
their  families,  many  laying  in  a  half  a  dozen 
barrels  or  more  for  their  winters'  ufe. 

The  land  about  the  town  of  Newark  for 
many  miles,  though  not  fo  good  as  the  land 
further  back,  is  well  inhabited  each  way  up- 
wards of  fifty  miles  around. What  gave 

me  a  more  particular  knowledge  of  this  fet- 
tlemcntwas/oelng intimate  with  the  Surveyor- 


:ing 


for 


A    LETTER. 


>      V 


SS 


General,  a  gentleman  of  liberal  education, 
good  information,  and  indefacigible  in  the 
dudes  of  his  office,  by  which  means,  he  has 
collcfted  notes,  from  the  different  field  -books 
of  his  deputies,  of  the  foil,  timber,  and 
(Ireams,  of  all.  that  country  -,  and  in  fuch 
j^arts  as  I  went  over,  I  found  his  notes  vcv'f 
CDrrccl,  and  by  no  means  exaggerated.  In 
niany  places  there  is  little  more  for  the  far- 
mer to  do,  tiian  cut  a  fufficiency  of  timber  to 
fence  his  fields,  girdle  or  ring  the  remainder, 
and  put  in  the  harrow,  for  in  few  places  only 
13  it  ncceffary  to  make  ufe  of  the  plough,  till 
the  fecond  or  third  crop,  there  being  little  or 
no  under  brufh  >  yet  in  many  places,  there  is 
beautiful  white  pine,  oak,  and  black-walnut 
timber;  fugar-wood  which  is  alfo  found  here 
in  great  plenty,  mixed  #lth  beach;  hickory, 
and  bal^  wood.  v     ,, 

At  Newark  re  fides  the  Governor,  whofc 
charaLler  is  well  known  in  England,  and  is 
dcfi^rvedly  held  here  in  high  eftimation. — 
Here  are  alfo  moft  of  the  principle  officers  of 
government,  befides  many  other  gentlemen 
of  refpeftability,  who  form  a  very  intelligent 
and  agreeable  fbciety.  y.    ,  .    ',  .^ 


ML 


iSi 


Befi^les  Newark  there  are  feveral  important 


lOO 


A    L  E  T  T  E  R. 


■ih 


1) 


fituations  in  this  part  of  the  province,  which 
bid  fair  to  become  places  of  conleqiience,  the 
moft  diftinguiihed  of  which  are,  tlie  landincr 
places  at  each  end  of  the  portage,  Fort  Eric, 
the  liead  of  Lake  Ontario,  apd  York,  called 
ly  the  natives^  Torento. 

^  The  lower  landing  or  Queenfton,  is  about 
fevcnty  miles  up  the  river  from  Newark, 
where  the  veffcJs  ciifcharge  their  cargoes, 
and  take  in  furs  colleded  from  three  to  one 
th(>uraqd  five  hundred,  miles  back}  there 
liave  I  feen  four  veiTels  of  fixty  and  one 
luindr,cd  tons  burden  unloading  at  the  fame 
time,  and  fometimes  not  lefs  than  fixty  wag- 
gons loaded  in  a  day,  which  loads,they  carry 
t-^  miics  to  the  upper  landing  place  or  Chip-- 
awa  creek,  three  miles  pad  the  great  falls. — ■ 
This  portage  is  an  increafing  fource  of  wealth 
to  the  farmers  for  many  miles  round,  vvho 
carry  from  tw-enty  to  thirty  hundred  weight, 
for  which  they  get  one  Ihilling  and  eight 
pence  N,  York  currency,  per  hundred  weight, 
and  load  back  withfurs,  &c. — From  Chipav^a 
the  merchandize  is  tranfported  in  batteaux  to 
Fort  Erie,  a.  diftance  of  eighteen  miles,  and 
are  fnipped  there  on  board  of  veiTcls  for  De- 
troit and  Michilimakinac. — -Detroit,  I  was 
told,  v/as  a  pleafant  country,  though  a  low 


■4.5Biu<aKi'"«ie»l 


A    LETTER. 


lOI 


and  marfliy  foil,  more  noted  for  its  fur  trade 
than  its  agriculture. 

At  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  abcxit  fifty" 
miles  weft  from  Newark  a  fmall  town  is  laid 
out  and  ftores  are  building,  being  a  central 
place  between  Newark,  York  and  Detroit, . 
from  thence  a  road  of  twenty-two  miles  to 
the  o-rand  river  is  cut  out,  and  croiTes  that 
river  about  Fifty  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
Lake  Erie,  and  continues  in  a  fouthern  direc- 
tion to  the  river  La  Trenche,  now  called  the 
Thamesy  which  empties  itfelf  into  Lake  St. 
Clair,  about  twenty  miles  above  Detroit.  Set- 
tlements are  making  on  this  road,  and  along 
the  river  Thames  partial  ones  are  made  for 
an  extent  of  ^'•ighty  or  ninety  miles  in  lengthi^ 
— — On  thefc  two  rivers  are  extenfive  open 
flats  of  land,  equal  to  thofe  of  the  Mohawk 
river,  on  which  may  b:^  cut  a  fulHciency  of 
hay  for  many  thoufand  head  of  cattle,  yearly  j. 
the  lands  on  t?ii .  road  are  fef  an  excellent 
qualicv,  and  in  many  places  light  timbered, 
in  others  covered  wiih  thrifty  oak,  black 
v/alnu:,  J^igar  maple,  beach  and  lindar. 

Tork  formerly   TcreniOy    is  fituate  on  the" 

tell  harbjur  round  the  Lake,  onpofuc  Nia-- 


!  i'! 


I 


lal 


A    hi  t  f  E  it^ 


^ara,  and  about  for^y  miles  diftance  acroft 
the  Lake,  but  round  by  land  near  one  hun- 
dred miles,  alonr;  the  fhorc  of  which  frreat 
quantities  of  fifh  arc  caught ;  a  town  is  here 
in  great  fowardnefs,  and  fhould  the  feat  of  go- 
vernment be  removed  from  Newark  thence, 
as  is  contemplated^  it  will  foon  become  a 
llouriiliing  place. — From  this  a  road  is  cut. 
out  acrofs  to  Lake  Simcoe,  or  tn^:  Rice  lakes 
thirty-three  miles,  the  outlet  of  which  emp- 
ties itfelf  into  Lake  Huron,  a  diftance  of  forty- 
five  miles  from  Lake  Simcoe,  thirty- fix  miles 
in  lengthy  this  rout  affords  an  eafy  commu- 
nication with  Michilimackinac. — From  York 
to  that  Lake,  a  tier  of  lots  of  two  hundred 
acres  each,  is  laid  out  on  each  fide  of  this 
road,  called  Dundas-Jireef,  gi^anted  on  the 
^xprefs  condition  of  building  and  improving 
©n  them,  within  one  year  from  the  time  they 
are  taken  up;  many  of  thefe  are  built  upon 
and  occupied  a 

On  th^  call  fide  and  joining  the  rear  of 
thefe  lots  is  a  fettlement  of  near  one  hundred 
G  rman  families,  on  an  excellent  tra6l  of 
land,  much  of  v/hich  is  open,  white  oak 
ivoods ;  thefe  Germans  camie  on  this  fummer, 
furnifhed  with  every  thing  to  make  their  fitu- 
ation  comfortable  and  enable  them  .0  iinpro.e 


A    LETTER. 


loj 


their  land  to  aJvanta-ge,  and  no  doubt  in  a: 
fhorc  time  mh  make  a  fine  Icttlcment ;  they' 
are  iupported  by  a  company  who  have  I'^be- 
rally  fupplied  them  with  teams,  farming 
irtL-nfils  and  provifions,  fent  them  a  clergy- 
fnan  of  their  own  country,  and  are  about  to 
build  them  mills^  a  church,  and  a  fchool- 
houfe. 

If  thfs  grnerous  exarfipic  was  with  equal  fpi- 
in  followed  by  a  few  more  companies,  it  would 
add  to  the  population  of  the  country,    more 

rhan  any  other  moi.le  yet  purfued. There 

is  ftill  plenty  of  vacant  lands  of  the  beft  kind, 
and  fuch  as  fhew  a  dlfpofition  to  fettle  and 
improve  them,  meet  from  the  Governor  every 
encouragement  they  merit,  who  makes  libe- 
ral grants  to  all  fuch  as  do  aftually  brin^*^  on 
fcttlers,  and  prove  themfelvesdcfirous  of  pro- 
moting the  intcreft  of  the  country,  the  whole 
of  which  is  well  adapted  for  raifing  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  and  other  fummer  ^rain;  flax 
(where  the  land  has  borne  a  few  other  crops) 
fucceeds  remarkably  well,  and  the  face  of 
the  country  yields  grafs  in  abundance ;  hops 
of  a  good  quality  grow  here  fpontaneoufly, 
alfo  a  variety  of  wild  fruits  fuch  as  plumbs, 
mulberry,  blackberry,  ftrawberry,  rafpberry> 
and  grapes.-*-Orchards  arc  in  great  forward- 


•  I 


pMi 


% 


\ 


Ml: 


104 


A    LETTER. 


•nef's,    for  die  age  of  the  fcttlemcnt,  fjme  of 
which  already  bear  fruit. Peaches,  cher- 
ries, and  currents  are  plenty  among  all  the 
fjrfl.  fettlers. — The  farmers  raife  a  great  quan- 
tity of  pork,  without  any  other  expcnce  than 
a  little  Indian  corn,  for  a  few  weeks  previous 
to  killing,    anci  often  kill  their  hogs  out  of 
the  woods,    well   fatted   on  nuts.     In  many 
places  fait  fprings  have  been  difcovered,  and 
iome  of  them  already  worked  to  fuch  advan- 
tage that  in  all  probability  that  article,  which 
generally  comes  heavy  in  the  interior  part  of 
a  country,    may  in  a  lliort  time  be  afforded 
Jicre  as  low  as  in  many  of  the  old  fettled  pla- 
ces in  the  United  States. — - — Many  valuable 
Iheams  for  v/ater  works,  run  in  every  direc 
tion  through  this  country  5  and  upon  fome  of 
them  are  mill,  built,  which  prove  very  lucra- 
tive to   the   ov/ners,    particularly  law-mills^ 
from  the  quantity  of  good  timber  and  great 
demand  of  boards,  as  more  buildings  are  go- 
ing on   than   carpenters  and   mafbns  can  be 
found  to  finifli :   Stones  being  fcarce,  bricks 
arc  generally  ufed  in  maibn  work.. 

This  fettlement  v/as  begun  by  a  few  dif- 
banded  troops  after  the  peace  of  1783,  and 
being  but  little  known  by  the  people  of  the 
United  States,,  who  had  imbibed  an  opinion. 


ALETTE  R. 


105 


that   it  was  entirely  under   contronl  of  the 
fnilitary,  few  emigrants  Dent  their  courfe  this 
way,    till  they  were  convinced  of  the   civil 
government,  being  well  eftablillied,  and  upoa 
a  conftitution  happily  adapted  to  the  minds 
of  the  people,  fince  which  numbers  of  refpec- 
table  inhabitants  have  coniC  in  from  the  dif- 
ferent States.     Some  of  wliom  have  come  in 
their  waggons  quite  from  North  Carolina,  buc 
as  there  is  a  fpace  of  country,  for  about  7a 
miles,  bctv/een  Niagara  and  the  Genefee  coun- 
try, where  the  road§  are  not  fuificicntly  opea 
for  waggons,    they  transport  them  from  the- 
mouth  of  the  river  t^o  Niagara  in  boats.— rr 
However,  this  abftrudion  will  probably  be 
ibcn  removed,    when  it  v/iH  be  a  picafant- 
jaunt  to  get  into  a  carriage  at  Niagara,  and^ 
drive  to  this  city,    which  may  be  effedtei 
without  difficulty,,  in  aboijt  tw^o  weeLs,  par- 
ticularly by  (Itighs  in  winter. — The  mode  of 
feet-lcment  generdly  purfued  here,  and  whicb 
ftems  bcft  calculated  to  fave  expcnce,  is  by 
two,  three  or  more  men  coming  on  in  the 
fammer,  who  throw  up  a  log  houfe  each,  put 
in  a  field  of  wheat,  and  return  for  their  fami- 
lies,, which  they  bring  on  the  following  fpring,. 
by  the  rout  before  dtfcribed  paft  Oiwego»  i£ 
by  water;,  but  fuch  as  come  by  land,  brings 
their  families  as  f^r  as  the  mouth,  of  Geuefeer 


II" 


:I06 


A    LETTER. 


river,  there  take  boar,  and  fend  their  emit 
by  land.  This  country  from  the  reduelion 
till  the  year  1790,  was  included  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Quebec,  and  from  the  year  1774, 
i'nt  civil  adminllration  was  vefted  in  a  Go- 
vernor and  LegiOative  Council,  n  that  time 
beft  adapted  to  the  ideas  of  the  people,  who 
were  moft  entirely  French,  and  from  preju- 
dice,  preferred  that  form  of  government,  be- 
ing mofl  analogous  to  what  they  had  been- 
accuftomed  to  prior  to  the  conqutft  of  Can- 
ada, but  at  the  concliifion  of  the  late  diirca- 
tions  between  Great-Britain  and  Amcricay 
Upper  Canada,  then  called  the  back,  pofts, 
was  held  out  as  an  affylum  to  thofe  who  had 
adhered  to  the  unity  of  the  Britiili  empire, 
and  who  generally  came  under  tht  denoinin- 
ation  of  loyalifts. — From  the  peace  to  the 
year  1790,  government  delegated  to  land 
boards  the  power  of  graadng  lands  to  any 
applicants^  if  men  of  morality  and  fobrltty. 

In  the  year  179a,  the  wifdom  of  the  BritiUi 
government,  was  eminently  evinced  in  divi- 
ding that  large  couiitry,  into  two  feparate 
govei:nmsnts,  and  granting  to  each  a  confti- 
tution,  on  the  moft  liberal  and  diflnterefted 
principles,  a  conftitution  for  freedom  and  the 
rights  gf  man,    perhaps  unequalled  in  the 


A    LETTER. 


107 


hiftoric  page,  with  all 'the  advantages,  enjoy- 

|ecl  by  the  Britilh  colonies  in  America  pre-^ 

vious  to  the  revolution,  and  with  many  addi- ' 

tions,  the  Britifh  parliament  having  renounced 

j  forever  the  right  of  taxation. — Here  no  man's 

[property  for  any  caufe  whatever,    is  taxed, 

direftly  or  indireCVIy ;  the  Britifh  government 

moft  generoufly  paying  for  even  the  furvey- 

ing  of  lands,  and  the  whole  fupport  of  the 

civil  eflablifhment.  ^     . 


U' 


11 


You  will  naturally  wonder,  how  with  all 
thefe  advantages  this  country  has  hitherto  ef- 
caped  the  notice  and  keen  obfervations  of 
Land  Specijlators,  and  the  eulogiums  of  Pam- 
phleteers, too  frequently  the  hired  and  ufe- 
ful  affiftants  of  the  former  chk  of  men,  but 
this  rhave  found  is  accounted  for  on  the  bcft 
lof  principles.  The  Indians  being  undoubtedly 
the  original  proprietors  of  th^  foil,  and  it 
even  has  and  continues  to  be  policy  of  the 
[Britifh  government  to  extiriguilli  their  right, 
by  fair  and  equitable  purchafes.  Large  pur- 
diafes  of  this  kind  has  been  made  from  time 
to  time  by  government,  as  the  population  of* 
the  country  required,  and  as  yet  there  is  not 
a  fingle  inftance  of  diflfatisfaflion  on  the  part 
of  the  Indians ;  having  thus  liberally  paid 
them  for  their  ^aads,  very  advantageous  terms 


n 


't 


.'M 


I 


ill!; 
I 


^1 

1) 


i  ! 


■"  1 


loS 


A^L  E  T  T  E  r: 


are  held  out  to  aftual  fectlers,  (the  only  ciafs 
which  at  firft  can  enrich  any  country)  who 
get  a  grant  of  two  hundred  acres  each.  Flow- 
ever  tor  the  encouragement  of  men,  com- 
manding the  means  of  improving  on  a  larger 
Icale,  by  proper  application  they  get  a  hand- 
fome  additional  quantity.  By  this  means  the 
fubftantial  farmer  becomes  the  inhabitant,  and 
large  ♦■rafts  to  the  detriment  of  any  country, 
never  lie  wafte. 

'\         "  '      ,  •  .  -        ' 

Had  I  not  refolved  on  examining  minutely, 
and  judging  for  myfelf,  I  fhould  never  have 
become  acquainted  with  a  country,  which  for 
richnefs  of  foil,  agriculture  and  trade,  in  faft 
every  thing  that  will  conduce  to  make  an  in- 
duflrious  man  happy,  yielding  to  none  I  have 
as  yet  {cen. 

Niagara  IS  at  prefent  the  temporary  feat  of 
government,  confiding  of  a  governor,  a  le- 
giflative  council,  and  houfe  of  affembly  cho- 
fen  by  the  people;  here  annually  in  the 
month  of  May,  they  meet  for  the  purpofe 
of  legiflation. — Members  of  the  affembly  arc 
chofen  for  four  years,  and  have  already  fat 
three  feflions. — In  this  time  they  have  made 
many  wholelome  and  neceflary  laws.— Week- 
ly courts,  called  courts  of  requeft,  are  held 


A    LETTER. 


Id/ 


Y  Ciaifs 
)  who 
Flow^ 

CO  111- 

larger 
hand- 
ns  the 
t,  and 
untry, 


utely, 
r  have 
ch  for 
in  faft 
an  in- 
I  have 


"eat  of 
a  le- 
'  cho- 
n  the 
irpofe 
>]y  arc 
dy  fat 
made 
Veek- 
r  heid 


throughout  the  province,  by  two  juftices  of 
the  peace,  who  have  cognizance  of  all  debts 
under  half  a  Joe  ;  there  aYe  alio  diftrldl  courts 
every  three  months,  in  which  a  judge  pre- 
fides,  and  gives  trial  by  a  jury  of  twelve  men, 
in  fums  not  exceeding  twenty- four  pounds  Y. 
currency^whofe  judgment  is  unappealable,  and 
all  fums  above  that,  are  tried  by  a  jury  before 
the  chief  juftice  and  two  aff:ciai:e  judges,  whcr 
make  an  annual  circuit  through  the  province ;' 
from  them  is  an  appeal  to  the  governor  and 
council.- — —The  people  have  it  fully  in  their 
pov/er  to  regulate  all  local  matters   which' 
refpeft  their  feveral  towns,    fuch  as  conlla-^ 
bles,  path-mafters,    and  other  town  pfFicers,? 
in  the  fame  manner  as  formerly  in  the  other^ 
colonies,  now  United  States  of  America. '      ■  > 
The  militia  in  the  feveral  diftrifts  have  an 
annual  meeting,   and  all  males  from  the  age 
of  fi:xteen  to  forty-five  are  muftcred,  except 
th\j   Friends,    Tunkers,  and  Menonifts,  and 
thofe  of  tliat  religious  defcription,  who  are 
Exempted  from  bearing  arms.     In  {hort>  Sir, 
it  would  fwell  a  letter  m  too  great  a  bulk,  ta 
give  a  more  minute  account  of  the  local  laws 
that  have  been  already  made  for  the  public 
good,  fuffice  it  to  fay,  that  with  refpefl  to 
that  government  and  its  laws,  its  adminiftra- 
tion  is . conducted  with  every  wifli  and  attentj 


!  ... 


lih 


m 


ii-o 


\ 


A^  L  E  T  T  E  R. 


tion  to  render  the  fituation  of  thofe  who  may 
fettie  under  it  comfortable  and  happy,  berng 
neither  land  tax,  quit-rent,  or  any  other  tax 
whatever,  excepting  the  county  rates,  to  be 
paid  by  the  freeholders,  for  the  regulation  of 
their  internal  police,  . 

The  noble  river  St.  Lairrence  fupplies  this 
country  for  an  extent  of  two  thoufand  miles, 
"with  commercial  advantages  inferior  to  none 
on  this  fide  of  the  atlafttic.—— Conceive  to 
yourfelf  veffels  of  fix  hundred  tons  burthen, 
unloading  all  kinds  of  Britifli  goods  at  the 
port  of  Montreal,  five  hundred  miles  from 
the  fea,  and  again  receiving  in  return,  furs 
from  the  interior  parts  of  the  country,  as. far 
as  the  Miflifippi  is  known  to  the  weftward, 
and  the  waters  emptying  into  Lake  Superior 
from  the  northward. — This  town,  when  the 
banks  of  the  difi^erent  lakes  and  rivers  are 
fettled  by  hufbandmen,  which  is  at  no  diftant 
period,  mufl:  have  a  vaft  increafc  of  trade,  for 
without  doubt  all  Britifii  manufadures,  thro* 
thefe  vaft  water  communications,  will  come 
much  cheaper,  through  the  whole  courfe  of 
its  windings,  than  can  be  afforded  from  any 
other  quarter.  Goods  on  importation  being 
liable  to  no  duty,  which  will  undoubtedly 
give  this  country  a  vaft  advantage  over  the 


,-» 


A    LETTER. 


Ill 


n^w  fettlemenrs  that  I  dcfcribed  in  my  for- 
mer letters ',  indeed  nature  points  out  this 
place  as  tlie  emporium  of  trade  for  the  people 
inhabiting  both  fides  of  thefe  lakes  and  rivers 
emptying  into  them  as  far  as  they  extend  to 
the  weft.  From  Montreal,  hats  called  by 
the  Canadians  batteaux,  containing  twenty- 
five  barrels  bulk,  are  worked  by  four  men  to 
Kingfton,  adiftanceofnigh  two  hundredmiles 
up  the  river  in  the  courfe  of  fix  or  eight 
days,  and  agaia  return  in  three,  loaded  with 
furs,  pot-afli,  and  other  produce  of  the  coun- 
try.-  Veflels,  generally  fchooners,  receive 

the  goods  ^t  Kingfton,  and  convey  them  in  a 
fhort  time,  to  the  landing  or  Queenflon,  be- 
low the  great  falls  of  Niagara,  Here  the 
portage  gives  employment  to  a  number  of 
teams  in  tranfporting  them  to  Chipawa,  as 
before  described  ;-r-they  are  again  received  at 
Fort  Erie  in  veffels  of  the  fame  burthen  as 
formerly,  which  navigate  all  Lake  Erie,  Hu- 
ron, and  Michigan.  The  expences  incurred 
during  all  this  rout  are  comparatively  trifling, 
as  you  will  obfeive  there  is  but  one  portage,, 
and  that  onfy  ten  miles  in  the  courfe  of  this 
communication.  And  when  one  refie£ls  on 
the  temperate  climate,  rich  foil,  and  othet 
natural  advantages  of  this  interior  country,, 
jrou  anticipate  a  great  population  i.n  a  fliQitt 


iii 


]'■■■ 


-£I^ 


A    L  E  T  T  E  R. 


1 
■ 


time. The  ftrcights  of  Niagara,  from  its 

peculiar  ficuation,  being  the  channel  througl\ 
which  all  the  /^odiice  of  the  vafb  country 
above  muft  pals,  is  looked  forward  to  as  a 
place  of  the  firft  confequence,  and  where  a 
farmer  will  at  all  times  find  a  market  for 
his  produce,  the  tranfport  being  eafy  from 
thence  to  the  Atlantic. -3/^ — Here  have  I  fcen 
^ith  amazement  that  rai"ned  cataract,  which 
exceeds  every  defcription  I  have  ever  heard 
ef  it,  but  it  would  be  idle  in  me  to  pretend  to 
giv  you  an  idea  of  it — It  ftrikes  the  eye  with 
more  grandeur  and  fublimity  than  the  pen  can 
•convey. —^-Amongft  many  other  natural  curi- 
-ofitics,  a  fpring  about  two  miles  above  thefe 
falls,  attrafts  the  attention  of  the  curious,— 
emitting  a  gas,  or  inflammable  air,  which, 
^'hen  confined  in  a  pipe,  and^a  Same  applied 
^to  it,  will  boil  the  water  of  a  tea-kettle  in  15 
minutes:-- — Whctther  this  may  hereafter  be 
applied  by  machinery  to  ufeful  purpofcs,  time 
win  determine,      .  -         T.i4 


Mr- 


*.  ■'',• 


C  It  was  lately  dilcovered  in  clearing  av/ay 
and  burning  the  brulh  under  the  bank  of  the 
^river,  to  ere6l  a  mill,  and  was  obf^rved  after 
the  brufh  was  confumed  to  burn  for  days  to- 
gether, to  the  great  aftonilliment  pf  the  in- 
ihabitanrs*         -^-  ^   ^  *^-^^ 


^Ai***<.' 


.A'^  v^  -*       ■*-    ~^> 


#   LETT  E  U, 


IT  J 


About  300  miles  weft  of  this  is  Fort  De- 
troit, fituate  on  the  eaft  fide  of  the  ftreiglits,. 
between  Lake  Erie  and  Huron^  around  which, 
a  French  fettlement  was  eftablilhed  before  the 
redudlion  of  the  province,  but  attending  more 
to  the  Indian  trade  than  agriculture,  made  but 
little  progrefs  as  farmers.  The  EnglilTi  fct- 
tiements  lately  begun  on  the  oppoiite  Ihore 
are  already  in  a  higher  ftatc  of  cultivation; 
however,  the  French  have  fine  orchards,  from 
which  Niagara  is  at  prefent  fupplied  with 
cyder  and  apples.-  About  one  hundred  miles 
weft  from  Detroit  lies  a  valuable  country  on 
the  "Abaters  emptying' into  the  Miflifippi,  now 
unhappily  contefted  by  the  United  States  and 
the  natives  of  the  foiL  r^.      -.^•i. 


ilU 


To  the  northward  of  Detroit,  about  three 
hundred  and  fifty  miles,  lies  Fort  Michili- 
mackinac,  on  an  ifland  between  Lake  Huron 
and  Michigan,  is  about  five  miles  round,  and 
an  entire  bed  c" 


g> 


:apable 


tion,  but  moft  remarkable  for  being  the  ge- 
neral depot  and  grand  rendezvous  of  ail  the 
Indian  traders^  y/ho  meet  in  the  month  of 
June  from  every  quarter,  deliver  their  furs 
and  receive  their  outfits  for  the  enfuingyear. 
— Spanifh  fettlements  many  miles  down  the 
MifTifippi   are  fupplied  with  Britilli  gpods^ 

Kj 


114 


A    L  E  T  T  E  R^ 


through  this  channel,  to  much  greater  ad- 
vantage than  from  New-Orleans,  where  the 
rapids  of  the  MifTifippi  oppofe  almoft  unfur- 
rhountable  difficulties  in  afcending  it,    • 


•* — 


This  fort,  the  forts  of  Detroit,  Niagara, 
and  Ofwego,  fell  within  the  United  States, 
when  the  lines  of  feparation  were  drawn,  at 
the  treaty  of  peace,  in  the  year  1783  :  Fore 
■  Miami,  which  was  built  by  the  Britifli  lately, 
is  alfo  within  thofe  lines.  Previous  to  that 
peace,  ftores  of  depofit  had  been  occupied  at 
the  foot  of  the  Miami  rapids,  where  the  Fort 
now  ftands,  and  the"  annual  prefents  to  the 
Indians,  which  they  have  long  been  in  the 
habits  of  receiving  from  the  Britifli  govern* 
ment,  were  there  iflfued.  This  place  was 
prudently  chofen  for  that  purpofe,  in  order 
to  prevent  th^^  Indians  from  coming  through 
the  fettlement,  crouding  about  and  mixing 
with  the  troops  at  Detroit,  where  the  too 
frequent  ufe  of  fpiritous  liquors  would  have 
occafioned  numerous  quarrels  and  accidentsj 
which  might  have  terminated  fatal  to  that 
friendly  intercourfe  and  good  underftanding 
which  has  ever  prevailed  between  the  Englilh 
and  the  natives  of  America.  -       -t. 


\  ? 


Hitherto  have  I  faid  little  refpetfling  the 


A   LETTER. 


ii'5 


aborigines  of  this  country : — Various  are  the 
opinions  entertained  by  different  people,  and 
different  hiftorians  have  riiked  conjedlures  how 
this  continent  was  originally  peopled  ^  their- 
own  ideas  of  it  are  not  Iffs  curious  than  ex- 
traordinary. They  do  not  believe,  nor  have 
they  the  imalleft  vcftige  of  traditional  me-, 
iTiorial  to  induce  them  to  believe,  but  that 
th"y  are  a  diftinft  race  of  men  from  the  whites, 
fome  of  the  mod  intelligent  amongft  them 
will  at  thiij  day  relate  in  detail  the  natural  and 
original  hiftory  of  themfelves  and  the  conti^ 
nent  they  live  upon.  They  fully  believe  in 
a  good  and  evil  fpirit,  and  in  a  future  ftatc 
of  rewards  and  punifhments,  and  haVe  ceruin 
times  in  the  year  for  their  particular  modes  of 
worfliip,  when  they  more  generally  endeavor 
to  appeafe  and  avert  the  V/rath  of  the  bad, 
than  invoke  the  Good  Spirit,  to  which,  how- 
ever, after  favorable  crops,  a  good  hunt,  or 
fuccefs  in  war,  they  in  a  fervent  manner,  rec- 
tum thanks. — They  fay  that  the  face  of  the 
globe  was  firft  covered  with  one  great  water, 
in  which  the  turtle  was  the  principal  inhabi- 
tant. That  the  Great  Spirit  caufed  this  tur- 
tle to  grow  to  fuch  a  fiz,e  that  the  waters 
could  no  longer  float  it,  and  in  confequence, 
it  became  ftationary,  continuing  to  grow 
until  the  mofs  and  rubbifli  colleding  on  his 


I, 


ill 


Mi 


I 


w 


a- 


:•  -? 


w 


ij6 


A    LETTER, 


back,  became  a  foil,  and  fliot  forth  Iierbrr, 
bufhcs,  anc^  at  length  trees,  and  now  forms 
this  great  ifl::nd  (as  they  term  if)  upon  which 
they  were  created  a  diftinft  race  of  men,  and 
jth.it  the  Great  Spirit  made,  after  them,  every 
kind  of  beafls  and  birds  of  the  foreft,  for  their 
food  and  ufe,  (from  the  firfl:  twelve  of  which 
they  took  the  names  of  thcirr  twelve  tribes) 
and  that  thefe  are  as  diiFcrenc  in-  their  kind, 
from  thofe  given  by  the  Great  Spirit  to  the 
v^hite  people,  for  their  ufe,  as  they  are  them- 

felrcs   from   us. That   they    encreafed    in 

ftrength  and  numbers,  till  the  white  people 
came  amongft  them,  and  introduced  their 
Irabits,  with  the  ufe  of  ftrong  drink,  to  which 
they  juftly  impute  their  degeneracy^-,    ^ -. 

*•'■    '  '  '' 

When  the  teellng  minJ  reflects  on  the  for- 
mer fituation  of  thefe  credulous  people;  the 
various  deception  praAifed  on  them  under  the 
the  mafl<  of  friendship,  the  artlefs,  and  faith- 
ful attachment  they  bear  to  the  wliite  people 
where  they  are  treated  with,  upon  feeming 
principles  of  juftice  and  candor,  it  rauft  truly 
fympathize  vvith  them  in  their  prefent  glqoaiy 
*VO&^f?ts, 


.  t\--  4. 


:•;;}.-' 


This  people  who  were  two  centuries  ago- 
jpoQeffed  of  the.  whpk  of  this  vaft  continent. 


A    L  E  T  T  E  R. 


J^7 


afTording  thorn  fpontaneoufly  every  comfI'>rt 
of  life,  wiihouc  nvah  in  the  ei\]oyf;ient  of  ir^ 
now  driven  back  (Icp  by  ftep,  Co  the  laft  fpoc 
of  their  fertile  foil,  and  that  conteftcd.    Con- 
tefted   by   the  very  people  whom  they  have 
been  led  to  confiJer,    as  tfieir  brothers,  fa- 
thers and  proteflors. — Prejudice  from  educa- 
tion,   habit,    and  particular  fituations  in  life 
■may  warp  the  minds  of  the  beft  of  men,  but 
a  virtuous  and  penetrating  mind,  will  always 
fftimate  in  a  proper  degree,  the  relation  and 
ties  they  have  a  claim  to  on  us,  if  it  is  only  from 
ourfuperior  cultivation  of  miind  and  manners. 
Would  it  not  therefore  argue  a  greater  degree 
of  virtue,  and  redound  more  to  the  honor  of 
humanity,  for  Chrif{ian§,    bordering  on  the 
remains  of  their  country,  to  turn  their  atten- 
tion to  the  civilization  of  thefe  people,  than 
to  endeavour  by  art  and  arms  to  extirpate 
them  from  the  face  of  the  country,    which 
they  conceive  to   have  been  given  by  the 
Great  Spirit  to  them  alone.     It  is  idle  to  fay 
that  people  of  their  quick  ideas,  and  lively 
imagination,    arc   incapable  of  civilization, 
for  where  education,  and  a  proper  attention 
to  their  morals  has  been  beftowed,  there  are 
proofs  to  the  contrary. -—Inftance  Jos.  Brant 
a  full  blooded  Indian,  who  having  received 
an  ^arly  edueation,  though  refiding  (till  witl\ 


i 


trS 


A    L  E  T  T  E  Rr. 


the  Indians,  is  much  the  gentleman,  eafy  ii^ 
his  manners^  mild  and  friendly  in  his  diipo- 
fition,  regular  and  methodical  in  his  whole 
dep^rtUientv  and  has  by  hi^  good  examples, 
brought  many  of  his  nation  irito  a  regular  fyf- 
tem  of  hufbandry,  aiid  a  decent  way  of  living 
in  their  feniilies^  ,  . ;:     -  •^^'';   l--^^ 

\;^  Thus  have  I  now  as  <^eneral]y  made  you 
acquainted  wi^h  this  great  country,  as  cor- 
redly  as,  my  (hort  flay  in  it  would  admit  of: 
but  I  cannot  conclude  this  without  giving 
you  a  piece  of  information  equally  new  to 
every  body  here  as  to  me.  -  ^      r      -^' 

.  For  many  years  pad  adventurers  have  at- 
tempted without  fuccefs  to  crofs  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  The  honor  of  this  arduous  tafk; 
was  left  to  a  Mr.  Alexander  Mac  Kenzie,  a 
partner  in  the  north-well  fur  company,  who 
lately  returned  by  the  way  of  the  lakes,  hav- 
ing fully  accomplifhed  the  objqft  of  his  un^ 
dertaking  in  the  courfe  of  iwo  years,  by  tra- 
verfing  the  continent  of  America  to  the  north- 
ward of  weft,  over  vaft  mountains  covered 
with  ice,  which  obliged  him  to  make  new 
€anoes,  wherever  he  had  the  waters  in  his 
favour.  On  his  arrival  on  this  coaft,  ftvtn 
wcck^  fail  from  Canton  in  China,  and  2  de- 


A    L  E  T  T  E  R. 


119 


gTees  to  the  north  of  Nootka  Sound,  he  found 
the  Indians  vvithout  nre-aiin-,  but  furniihcd 
with  fome  clothing  and  ornaments,  princi- 
pally Spanifh  manufadlure.  The  Indians 
accompanying  him  were  not  underllood  by 
thofe  on  that  coafl,  and  appeared  to  be  per- 
fedl  ftrangers  to  one  another.  It  was  with 
difficulty  he  could  reconcile  them  to  him  as  a 
white  man,  on  account,  as  he  underilood,  of 
fome  injury  given  them  by  people  of  his  co- 
lour a  few  days  before  that  time.  Thefe  are 
luppofed  to  have  been  the  Americans  from 
the  port  of  New-York,  who  had  touched 
there  in  their  trade  with  China. 


»r; 


v< 


Lve  at- 
!ie  Pa- 
us  talk:  * 
izie,  a 
',  who 
,  hav- 
lis  un^ 
by  tra- 
north- 
overed 
:e  new 
in  his 
kvtii 
1  2  de- 


After  remaining  a  few  days  and  making 
the  neceflary  obfervations,  he  returned  and 
bro't  dlomy  :vith  him  fome  valuable  fkins  of  the 
fea  otter,  and  other  natural  curiofities,  pe- 
culiar to  that  coaft;  but  as  the  gentleman 
himfelf  has  it  in  idea  to  go  rooii  to  London, 
I  have  little  doubt  but  he  will  meet  with  the 
reward  due  to  his  exertions,  and  give  to  the 
world  an  account  of  the  wild  and  uninhabited 
tracfl  he  traverlcu.  •  .-.v 


1- 


VV"  "• 


w 


©    ^     ! 

M^r-    , 

FINIS.     ^ 

1 

.  ^  ,  '■'- 

* 

- 

■ 

